Language points

1. Language points

2. Revision English has many c_________ rules because it is _____ ___ ofthe rules and vocabulary each group of people b_______ to Britain with them. At the very beginning, British people spoke C_____. Then, three Germanic tribes:______ ______ ______ and V_____ from Scandinavian countries invaded Britain and brought with them their languages. The language they created is the_____ English. Old English c___________ ofan Anglo-Saxon base p_____ words from the languages of Denmark and Norway. made onfusing up rought eltic Angles Saxons Jutes ikings Old onsisted lus

3. Old English was the ______ language of England until the 12th century when Normans c________ England and _____ ______ of the Country. The Normans spoke F_____ which had an i______ on English although it did not r____ English as the first language. In 1399, H_________ became King of England and he used English for all official occasions. Modern English began during the R__________ in the 16th century. Pronunciation u_________ huge changes during this period. However, this is not _____ ____ of the changes. It’s certain that this p________ will continue. official onquered rench took control mpact eplace enry IV enaissance nderwent the end rocess

4. Paragraph 1 1. throughout history 在整个历史进程中 2. That is why… 这就是为什么…… 3. confusing rules 令人困惑不解的规则 4. be made up of 由……组成 5. rules and vocabulary 规则和词汇

5. throughout:prep. 1.(表时间）从始至终，在…期间 2.（表地域）遍及… 在整个考试期间他坐在那儿一个字也没写。 Throughout the exam, he sat there without writing a single word. 这消息传遍了全国。 The news spread throughout the country.

6. That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules. (p22) 正因为如此，英语才成了一种具有许多令人困惑不解的规则的语言。 1. 问题是我们找不到合适的时间。 The problem was that we couldn’t find a suitable time. 2. 我们学校不再是以前的样子了。 Our school is no longer what it used to be. 3. 这是鲁迅曾经生活过的地方。 That is where Lu Xun once lived.

7. The traditional view is ______ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. （2007上海） A. when B. why C. whether D. that

8. The English language is made up of the rules and vocabulary each group of people brought to Britain with them. (p22) 英语是由每个进入不列颠的人群所说语言中的规则和词汇构成的。 be made up of由……组成（主动为make up) 我们学校每个班由55名学生组成。 Each class in our school is made up of fifty-five students. Fifty-five students make up each class in our school.

9. 1. 编造 Make up a story. 2. 补足,弥补 我们需要五十元以弥补损失。 We need $50 to make up the loss. 3. 化装 她花了一个多小时才打扮好。 It took her more than an hour to make herself up. make up 由……制成 Desks can be made of wood. Wine is made from rice. 弄懂,分辨 Someone is coming, but I can't make out who it is. Can you make this length of cloth into a suit? 把……制成……

10. It’s the sort of work that ________ a high level of concentration. (2007山东） A. calls for B. makes up C. lies in D. stands for

11. Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and _________ jokes． （2005江苏） A. turning upB. putting up C. making up D. showing up

12. Old English • Invade • They each had their… • 3. mix…with… • 4. create • 5. It is certain that… • 6. consist of • 7. ...find it hard to decide • which words … • 8. This is because…

13. 侵入,侵略 • 诺曼人于1066年入侵英国。 • The Normans invaded England in 1066. • ② 侵犯,侵扰 • 侵犯某人的权利invade sb’s rights • ③拥入,大批进入 • 这个城市涌来了一批游客。 • The town was invaded by a crowd of tourists. • ④ (疾病等)侵袭 • 这种疾病侵袭了他的身体。 • The disease invaded his body. • invasion n. invade

14. each They each have an English dictionary. =Each of them has an English dictionary. There’re many tall buildings on each/ either side of the street. 注意 主谓语单复数的不同及原因 不可用every, every用于三者或三者以上。 注意

15. They each had their own language and Anglo-Saxon (the base of Old English) developed from mixing these languages with Celtic. (p22) 这三个日尔曼部落分别有自己的语言，作为古英语基础的盎格鲁-撒克逊语就是在这三种语言与凯尔特语相交汇的过程中发展起来的。 使混和,搀和,混淆,搞混 mix joy with sorrow. Oil doesn't mix with water. mix ... with ... 喜悲交集 水火不相融。

16. mix up 使弄不清；使混乱；混淆； His explanation just mixed me up more. I always mix up the twins. 他的解释令我更加糊涂了。 我总是把这对双胞胎弄混。

17. It’s certain that… 肯定,一定（此处不可用 sure） 他明天肯定会来。 It’s certain that he will come tomorrow. He is sure /certain to come tomorrow. be certain / sure of / about 对……有把握 在英语学习方面他对语法把握不大。 He is not certain/ sure of grammar in English learning. 某一位,某个 A certain Mr. Li called on you yesterday.

18. The language consisted of an Anglo-Saxon base plus words from the languages of Denmark and Norway. 它以盎格鲁-撒克逊语为基础，加上丹麦语和挪威语的词汇构成。 consist of / be made up of 由……构成;包含 这个研究小组由两名中国科学家和三名美国专家组成。 The research team consists of two Chinese scientists and three American experts. 联合王国包括大不列颠与北爱尔兰。 The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. plus:加，加上（介词）＝added to Two plus five is seven.

19. When we speak English today, we sometimes find it hard to decide which words or phrases to use. (p22) 如今，我们在说英语时，有时发现很难确定到底该选哪些单词或词组。 it 1. It is quite difficult to find one’s family history. 2. Do you consider it necessary to send more people to help them? 3. It was at midnight that he heard a crying softly.

20. The chairman thought _______necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting . （2005全国Ｉ） A. that B. it C. this D. him It wasn’t until nearly a month later __________ I received the manager’s reply. （2005全国Ｉ） A. since B. when C. as D. that

21. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _______ didn’t help.　（ 2005全国III ） A．it B．sheC．whichD．He It was some time _______ we realized the truth. 　（2005山东）A. when B. until C. since D. before

22. Middle English 1. contribute to 2. take control of 3. replace 4. despite 5. have an impact on 6. result in 7. raise 8. adopt

23. Many factors contributed to the development of this new type of English. 很多因素使得英语发展成这种新的类型。 1) 为造成某一结果而作出贡献； 促成……的因素： contribute to 人们相信是抽烟使他过早死亡。 It was believed that smoking had contributed to his early death. caused 锻炼能促成更强健的体魄。 Exercise contributes to better health.

24. 2) 捐(款);捐献;投稿 contribute/donate … to … 许多人愿意把他们的钱捐赠给希望工程。 Many people are willing to contribute their money to Hope Project. 他为《中国日报》撰写了一篇文章。 He contributed an article to China Daily. contribution n. make great contributions to 对……作出巨大贡献

25. take control of under control 在控制之下; out of control 失去控制 lose control of 失去控制 The English conquered this country and took control of it. 英国人征服了这个国家并掌控了它。 The fire lasted half an hour before it was under control. 大火持续了半小时才得到控制。 He lost control of the plane. 他控制不了飞机了。

26. replace 1) 代替（＝take the place of) Electric lights have replaced candles. 电灯已经取代了蜡烛。 2) 放回原处 报纸读完后请放回原处。 When you have finished reading the newspaper, please replace it.

27. despite prep.= in spite of不管,尽管,任凭 尽管他病了，他还去上班。 He went to work despite his illness. 尽管他年事已高，他还在学驾驶。 Despite the advanced years, he is learning to drive. 虽然他花费了许多时间,但是他就是不擅长音乐。 He is not good at music despite the fact that he has spent much time on it. In spite of despite

28. Despite such a big difference in ____ towards what one eats, there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special. (2007湖北） A. point B. idea C. attitude D. sight

29. have an impact on have an impact on 对……有影响 他的思想对他后来的研究有很大影响。 His ideas had a great impact on the research afterwards. 那一刻他的话对你有怎样的影响? What kind of impact did his words have on you at that moment?

30. result in=lead to/cause 导致……结果 他的粗心致使比赛失败了。 His carelessness resulted in the loss of the game. result from由于……而产生;作为…….的结果 Sickness often results from eating too much. 因为吃得太多而病了。 as a result of由于……的结果 as a result结果 • 由于下大雨,我们得呆在家里. • We had to stay at home as a result of the heavy rain. =It rained heavily. As a result, we had to stay at home.

31. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area . (2007陕西) A. need repairing B. needs to repair C. needs repairing D. need to repair

32. At this point, many English people worked as servants who raised animals and cooked for the Normans. 在此期间, 很多英国人沦为诺曼人的仆人, 他们为诺曼人饲养牲畜, 给他们做饭。 raise v.饲养; 养育 How did you manage to raise such a big family on such small income? 你是如何设法用这么少的收入养活这么一个大家庭的。 raise

33. Translations Raise your right hand if you can answer my question. In order to make everyone hear him clearly, he raised his voice. They are going to raise money for the school buildings. 举起 提高 筹集 at this/that point 在这时/那时 就在那时我认出他来了。 At that point, I recognized him.

34. By the latter half of the 14th century, English was adopted by all classes in England. (p23) 到14世纪后半叶，英国各阶层都使用了英语。 vt. ⑴采用;采纳;吸收 校长决定采纳她的建议。 The headmaster decided to adopt her suggestions. 他采用了我们的教学方法。 He adopted our methods of teaching. ⑵ 过继,收养 许多美国家庭收养孩子。 Many American families adopt children. adopt

35. adapt vt. & vi. (使)适应, (使)适合 She knew how to adapt herself. 她懂得如何适应环境。 vt. 改编, 改写 Many of Dickens' books have been adapted as films. 狄更斯的许多书都已改编成电影。

36. English was adopted by all classes. • Students are not allowed to talk in class. • Our class is made up of 54 students. • Most people in Japan think they belong to the middle class. • She belonged to that class of people, who only think of themselves. • The school is very famous, in fact, I think it is among the first-class schools.

37. Modern English 1. undergo 2. style 风格 3. dialect 方言 4. process 进程,过程 5. depend on

38. Pronunciation also underwent huge changes during this period. (p23) 在此期间，英语发音也经历了巨大变化。 undergo-underwent-undergone vt. (1) 经历;经受;忍受 在取得成功之前你可能得忍受失望和失败之苦。 You may have to undergo disappointment and failure before achieving success. (2) 接受(治疗,检查等) 所有新来的都要接受体检。 All the freshmen will undergo a medical examination. undergo

39. There are many different dialects of English depending on where people live. (p25) 依人们居住地的不同，方言有很多不同的种类。 ①相信;信赖[(+on/upon)] 你可以相信他。 You can depend on him. Jane is a person to be dependedupon. ②依靠,依赖 (+on/upon) 好的身体要靠优质的食品,新鲜的空气和足 够的睡眠。 Health depends on good food, fresh air and enough sleep. depend on

40. ③依......而定;取决于 (+on/upon) 价格取决于质量。 The price depends on the quality. --- Are you going? --- It all depends. =It / That / depends. It depends on whether you want to do it or not. (口语)看情况

41. Choosing the right dictionary depends on ______ you want to use it for. (2007江苏） A. what B. why C. how D. whether

42. — Could I use your computer for a few moments, please? — . I’m not using it myself. （2007陕西） A. Come on B. It depends C. Go ahead D. That’s great

43. 1. 这就是为何英语是一种有许多令人困惑不解的规则的语言。2. 英语是由每个进入不列颠的人群所说语言中的规则和词汇构成的。 That’s why English is a language with so many confusing rules. The English language is made up of the rules and vocabulary each group of people brought to Britain with them.

44. 3.他们分别有自己的语言，盎格鲁-撒克逊就是在这三种语言与凯尔特语相交汇的过程中发展起来的。3.他们分别有自己的语言，盎格鲁-撒克逊就是在这三种语言与凯尔特语相交汇的过程中发展起来的。 They each had their own language and Anglo-Saxon developed from mixing these languages with Celtic. 4. 他们所创造的语言就是我们今天所称的古英语。 The language they created is what we now call Old English.

45. 5. 事实上如果我们现在听了古英语也肯定听不懂了。 6. 这是因为英语中有许多对单词和词组有相近的意思。 In fact，it is certain that we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today. This is because many pairs of words and phrases have similar meanings in English.

46. Many factors contributed to the development of this new type of English. 7. 很多因素使得英语发展成这种新的类型。 8. 早期的侵略后，凯尔特语被替换成英语。 9. 法语却没有取代英语而成为英国的第一语言。 After the earlier invasion, Celtic had been replaced with English. French did not replace English as the first language.

47. 10. 尽管这一事实，法语还是对英语产生了巨大的影响。 Despite this fact, French still had an impact on the English language. 11. 在这期间，许多英语人成为诺曼人的仆人，为他们饲养牲畜，给诺曼人做饭。 At this point, many English people worked as servants who raised animals and cooked for the Normans.

48. After the Normans took control this was replaced by the French way of making plurals. 12. 在诺曼人控制之后，单词变复数又被法语中单词变复数的方法所取代。 13. 到14世纪后半叶，英国各阶层都使用了英语。 By the latter half of the 14th century, English was adopted by all classes in England.

49. Because of this, Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words. 14. 由于这个原因，近代英语包括了许多拉丁词汇和希腊词汇。 15. 在此期间，英语发音也经历了巨大变化。 16. 英语在未来是不是还要继续变化这个问题其实很容易回答。 Pronunciation also underwent huge changes during this period. The question of whether English will continue changing in the future is easy to answer.

50. Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech. 17. 一个人来自什么地方也会影响到其说话风格。 18. 可以肯定的是，这样的变化过程还会持续，人们还会不断发明新的词汇和新的表达法。 It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.