True or False?

1. True or False? If someone does not say hi to you in the hall, then you are likely to believe he or she is a snob.

2. True or False? Even if you resolve not to smoke, if your friends are smokers, you are more likely to light up.

3. True or False? If you get someone to agree to a small request, then you can likely get them to just about anything.

4. True or False? If you behave in a way that is contrary to your beliefs, then you will say you were only pretending and your beliefs will stay the same.

5. True or False? People are likely to conform to a group only if that group has no less than 20 people in it.

6. True or False? People will not conform to an authority figure's request to shock a person to death.

7. True or False? People do worse on a task they are good at if they perform it in front of a large group of people.

8. True or False? People in a group tend to exert more effort than when they are alone.

9. True or False? When people are in a crowd, they are more likely to do things they would not do alone.

10. True or False? People who are prejudice become less prejudice if they discuss their feelings with others who are prejudice.

11. True or False? When a group needs to make a decision, it is not necessary to appoint someone to play the devil’s advocate.

12. True or False? If you believe you will fail math, you may not study, which would cause you to fail a math test.

13. True or False? Minority groups cannot sway majority opinion, no matter how firm they are.

14. Myers PSYCHOLOGYSeventh Edition in Modules Social Thinking Social Influence Social Relations Video- Situations Matter

15. So what is the point of Social Psychology? • To answer questions like: • What drives people to feel hatred? • Where do prejudices come from? • What makes a hero motivated? • How do we think about one another? • How do we influence one another? • How do we relate to one another?

16. Social Thinking • Social Psychology • scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

17. So how do we explain peoples’ behavior? • Attribution Theory • tendency to give a causal explanation for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition • HOW DO WE EXPLAIN OTHERS’ BEHAVIORS? • HOW DO WE EXPLAIN OUR OWN BEHAVIOR? • An attribute is a quality, a feature, a trait.

18. Attribution Theory • There are two ways that we explain behavior: • Situational attribution • EXTERNAL CAUSE • Dispositional attribution • INTERNAL CAUSE • But as humans we often ERR.

19. Social Thinking • Fundamental Attribution Error • tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition (activity 32-4)

20. FAE

21. Do we do what we think or do we think therefore we do? • Attitude • belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events • Log onto Harvard IAT • https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/demo/

22. Tolerant reaction (proceed cautiously, allow driver a wide berth) Situational attribution “Maybe that driver is ill.” Negative behavior Unfavorable reaction (speed up and race past the other driver, give a dirty look) Dispositional attribution “Crazy driver!” Social Thinking • How we explain someone’s behavior affects how we react to it

23. Internal attitudes External influences Behavior Social Thinking • Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influences

24. Social Thinking • Attitudes follow behavior • Cooperative actions feed mutual liking

25. Actions Affection Attitude: • Foot in the Door • Role Playing • Cognitive Dissonance

26. Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon • tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

27. Social Thinking • Role • set of expectations about a social position • defines how those in the position ought to behave • Video (Stanford Prison Exp.) • Zimbardo’s Ted Talk

28. Stanley Milgram’s Experiment: • Obedience- • Strong social influences can make people conform to falsehoods or capitulate to cruelty. • Article and video

29. Social Thinking • Cognitive Dissonance Theory • we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent • example- when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

30. As in this cartoon, this is why we find it so unnerving to watch Obama receive the Noble Peace Prize while concurrently ordering the invasions of country after country. His actions speak to anything but peace

31. To reduce CD: • We tend to adjust our attitudes before we ever change our actions. • Changing our behavior can change how we think and how we feel. Thing to remember:

32. Social Thinking • Cognitive dissonance

33. Social Influence • Conformity • adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard • Normative Social Influence • influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval (seg. 29, Sc. Am. Fr.)

34. 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 Number of times Participant Participant rubs face shakes foot Confederate rubs face Confederate shakes foot Social Influence • The chameleon effect- best way empathy is demonstrated.

35. Social Influence • Asch’s conformity experiments

36. Social Influence • Informational Social Influence • influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

37. Social Influence • Social Facilitation • improved performance of tasks in the presence of others • occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered • Social Loafing • tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

38. Social Facilitation

39. Check out these images… • Look here

40. Social Influence • Deindividuation • loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

41. Social Influence • Group Polarization • enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group • Groupthink • mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives

42. Social Relations • Prejudice • an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members • involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action • Activity- Effects: What’s in a Label • Video- John Stossel Prejudice… 2007 • Stereotype • a generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people Video

43. Social Relations • Does perception change with race? Take IAT

44. Social Relations • Americans today express much less racial and gender prejudice ABC NEWS Clark Study

45. Okay, ya? Arlene: You know my friend Sandra, well she's going out with this yuppie financial type person called Derrick from that riverside development. Clare: Noooo! Well I never! Arlene: She is you know. And a right one he is too. All these city types are the same. Pushy, flashy, big mouthed and full of themselves. I bet he drives a top-of-the-range Porsche and has an iphone. Clare: Have you seen him in his car then? Arlene: No, but I reckon that's what he must drive. Clare: Have you met him? Arlene: Yea, I bumped into them the other day at the shops. When he opened his mouth and I heard his yuppie accent, I knew what he'd be like. Actually he was dead complimentary to me, and Sandra says that he's very kind and thoughtful. But I know he's still a yuppie. Clare: You're being too hard on him. He's probably quite nice. Arlene: He supports the Phillies! Clare: Oh well, you were right first time then. A stereotype is a rigid judgment made of a person based on just one or two characteristics 1. In the source, what stereotype does Arlene use to judge Derrick? (1) 2. What characteristics does she use to arrive at this stereotype? (2) 3. Give one characteristic that Derrick has which goes against this stereotype (1) 4. Describe one other common stereotype in everyday life and say what characteristics are used to arrive at it 5. Stereotypes sometimes lead to poor judgments of people, yet we all use them. Describe one reason why we use stereotypes. (2) Stereotyping

46. Social Relations • Ingroup • “Us”- people with whom one shares a common identity • Outgroup • “Them”- those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup

47. Social Relations • Ingroup Bias • tendency to favor one’s own group • Scapegoat Theory • theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame • Just-World Phenomenon • tendency of people to believe the world is just • people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

48. Social Relations • Vivid cases (9/11 terrorists) feed stereotypes

49. Social Relations • Aggression • any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy (#24 The brain) • Frustration-Aggression Principle • principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression

50. Social Relations • Conflict • perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas • Social Trap • a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior