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RESEARCH PROJECT TOPIC: ASSESSMENT OF SOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN JUBA (SOUTHERN SUDAN)

RESEARCH PROJECT TOPIC: ASSESSMENT OF SOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN JUBA (SOUTHERN SUDAN). BY: CHARLES LAKU LOSIO, POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 2008/09. 1.0 PREAMBLE

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RESEARCH PROJECT TOPIC: ASSESSMENT OF SOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN JUBA (SOUTHERN SUDAN)

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  1. RESEARCH PROJECTTOPIC: ASSESSMENT OF SOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN JUBA (SOUTHERN SUDAN) BY: CHARLES LAKU LOSIO, POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 2008/09

  2. 1.0 PREAMBLE • The developing world is experiencing rapid population growth and a massive shift towards urban population. In fact, in 1998 the world’s population grew by over 78 million people with 97% of this growth occurring in the poorest countries (The Population Institute, 1999). Urban centers of the developing world are experiencing the brunt of this growth and most are ill equipped to handle these added stresses. Health and environment get jeopardized when urban infrastructure is unable to cope with increasing demands (Mark et al, 2000).

  3. The management of solid waste is an area of universal concern for both the developed and developing world. • It is imperative that efficient, technically sound, and cost effective SWM solutions are developed in the near term – for the benefit of the mushrooming populations in the world’s cities and the natural environments that must sustain them.

  4. 2.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION • The second civil war between Southern Sudan and Northern Sudan that lasted for 21years, ended in January 2005 with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Following the signing of the CPA, displaced persons from Northern Sudan and exile have returned to Juba their home land in big numbers this has made Juba one of the fastest populations growing city is the region. The population of Juba increased from 56,000 in 1973 census to 250,000 (estimate by several donor agencies working in Juba) in 2006 which converts to a growth of 450% or 14% (linear) per year.

  5. Population growth rates since 2005 are expected to be much higher than this thirty-three year average. (http://www.worldbank.org/data/databytopic/class.htm April 17, 2009). • The official results of the 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census that took place in April/May 2008 have not yet been published. (Sudan Tribune news paper April 14, 2009) • The great majority of local inhabitants of Juba do not have any garbage service and many used the neighborhood centers, road sides and the stream beds that traverse the city as dumping areas.

  6. Once the rain comes, this mass of solid waste is washed into the adjacent Nile. Regrettably, many other residents of Juba still use these surface water bodies for water supply and/or as bathrooms, explaining in part the high incidence of cholera at certain times of the year. (http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADL108.pdf. April 17, 2009) • Solid Waste Management (SWM) practices throughout Sudan are uniformly poor. • In the majority of cases, garbage of all types accumulates close to its point of origin and is periodically burnt.

  7. Litter – plastic bags in particular – is a pervasiveproblem across the country, with Juba city being worst affected due to its population density.(http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/06_urban.pdf April 17, 2009) • This research will focus on the SWM systems in Juba Southern Sudan and its findings will be presented to concerned authorities in form of recommendations on how the current practice of open dumping could be improved into a sustainable waste management practice.

  8. 2.2 OBJECTIVES 2.2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE • To assess the solid waste management and disposal systems in Juba (Southern Sudan) 2.2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE • To find out how solid waste is managed in Juba. • To assess how individuals manage the solid waste they generate in homes, business, and institutions. • To assess the adequacy and the efficiency of disposal systems in Juba City.

  9. 2.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS • What waste management systems are there in the study area? And what resources have been allocated by government for solid waste management? • How individual waste producers collect wastes both at home, business premises and in institutions. • Are there institutions and private sectors involved in waste collections? If yes what is their capacity compared to the vastness of the city of Juba

  10. 3.0 HYPHOTHESIS • Ho There is no significant solid waste management systems in Juba • Ha There is Significant solid management system in Juba

  11. 4.0 METHODOLOGY 4.1 STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION • Juba the capital city of Southern Sudan is the seat of the government of Southern Sudan (GOSS). The city borders the beautiful hills of Jebel Rejaf in the east, Jebel Ladu to the North and Jebel Kujur which is the main feature of Juba Game Reserve to the West. • The river Nile the longest in Africa flows through Juba increasing its beauty especially its spectacular bridge that connects the city to its eastern parts.

  12. The main tribe in Juba is the Bari tribe but due to its becoming the city of Southern Sudan, all other tribes of Southern Sudan can be found in Juba. • Juba is made up of 6 Payams. The administrative set up in Southern Sudan begins with the Viallage, Boma, Payam, County and then the State. Juba is a shared city by both the GOSS, Baher el Jebel state and Juba County.

  13. The history of Juba the capital of Southern Sudan dates back from 1899 to 1956, during this time, Southern Sudan was administered jointly by the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (United Kingdom and Egypt). • The British government hoped to join the southern part of Sudan with Uganda but this hope was dashed off in 1947 by an agreement in Juba, also known as the Juba Conference, to unify northern and southern Sudan. In 1955, a mutiny of southern soldiers in the city sparked the First Sudanese Civil War, which did not end until 1972.

  14. During the Second Sudanese Civil War, which broke out in 1983, Juba was a strategic location that was the focus of much fighting. (http://www.cen-rce.org/international/general_report.pdf April 14, 2009) • The city is well demarcated into sizeable plots depending on the class of residential areas, with the government quarters set in different location from residential areas, business neighborhood centers set in strategic location for the benefit of all this has made Juba one of the well set city in the region.

  15. 4.2 RESIDENTAL AREAS IN JUBA • Each large block comprises several medium sized blocks of 16 smaller blocks of eight plots each as illustrated in the table below. • Each medium seized block has an empty space called “neighborhood center” or “Markaz Jeran in Arabic” this centers would be developed into a nursery school, primary school, secondary school, market center, health center depending on the needs of the residence.

  16. The City has four classes of residential areas as follows: 4th class 15m by 20m, 3rd class 20m by 20m, second class 30m by 30m and 1st class 40m by 40m. • Each class has similar arrangements though the spaces for Markaz Jeran may differ in sizes.

  17. The base map of Juba

  18. 4.4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 4.4.1 METHODS Various methods of data collection will be employed in the study for collecting the required data. 4.4.2 LITERATURE REVIEW: • This will include books, journals, reports from government and NGOs operating in Juba and surfing different websites to acquire secondary data from various authors who have written on the same issue. This information will provide the resources to comprehend the primary data.

  19. 4.4.3 STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS: • Several Local Government Officials in the Government of Southern Sudan, USAID and other NGO staff involved in public health and environmental care will be interviewed to solicit information on waste management practices in the city. • Similar questionnaires will be used in the residential areas, business centers and the main hospital. • Informal discussions will also be held with a number of city cleaners about the way they manage the cleanliness of the streets.

  20. 4.4.4 QUESTIONNAIRES: • Four sets of semi structured questionnaires will be administered for soliciting information and each set will comprise of 20 questionnaires. • Each set of the questionnaires will be administered to two residential areas, main hospital of Juba, shops/restaurants/markets and the fourth set will be administered to local Government and NGOs officials. • Due to time limit a research assistant will be hired to fasten the process of administering the questionnaires.

  21. 4.4.5 DIRECT OBSERVATION • Physical observation will be made to assess what is actually taking place in the area for example the presence of heaps of solid waste, physical handling of waste, burning of waste on dump sites. • This methods will give direct evidence to consolidate information that will have been generated through the other techniques. Photographs of the sites observed will be taken for the justification of the research report.

  22. The observation points will be selected randomly from the markets, residential areas, the hospital, Juba Game Reserve and the dumping sites. • These observations will focus on establishing and refining the characteristics of and relations among elements of the solid waste.

  23. 4.4.6 MATERIALS • The following materials will be used in the research: • A camera to capture some images to back up arguments with visual aids • Binoculars • Laptop computer • Vehicle for covering large area • GPS if available • Questionnaire forms • Data sheets • Notebooks/pencils/pens

  24. 4.4.7 DATA ANALYSIS • The collected qualitative as well as quantitative data will be analyzed using both descriptive and statistical methods of data analysis. • The results will be presented in tables and charts. • Paired T-test will be applied to compare the types of waste generated in the two categories of markets and residential areas.

  25. REFERENCE: • Kombe V.J, (2008) Personal Communication 17/5/2008. • http://www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/swm-fogawa1.htm 24/4/2008 • Laws S., Harper C., Marcus R., (2003)Research for development: A practical Guide, London: Sage Publications. • Marina B.M. (1991) Man and Waste: Popular Recycling Activities in the Third World, Enda Third World, and Dakar. • Municipal and Industrial Waste division (1995)Decision Makers Guide to Solid Waste Management. Vol.II Chapter 8 United States Environmental Protection Agency. • http://www.epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/dgma/ch8.pdf • Ogawa H., (2008) “Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries” • Palela E., (2004) The Management of Sanitation Services: the Case of Moshi Urban, Environmental regulation <http://www.pseau.org/epa/gdda/action/action_AO5b/regulation_enviromentale > 8/04/08 • Rogers J.J.W. & Feiss P.G., (1998) People and the Earth: Basic Issues in the Sustainability of Resources and Environment, Cambridge University Press, UK • Seo, Seongwon et al. 2004. “Environmental Impact of Solid Waste Treatment Methods in Korea”. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 130(1): 81-89. • Sonesson, U. et al. 2000. “Environmental and economic analysis of management • systems for biodegradable waste.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling. • 28(1-2): 29-53. • United States Environmental Protection Agency (2003) Basic Facts: Municipal Solid Waste http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.html • Warioba L., (1996) “Management of Public Services: The case of Solid Waste Collection and Disposal in Morogoro Municipality”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 8 p 38-52 • Wright, D.B. (2002)First Steps in Statistics. London: Sage Publications • http://www.ags.aecom.com/media/4011.pdf

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