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Late Adulthood

12. Late Adulthood. Physical Development. Cultural Beliefs about Late Adulthood. Perception of late adulthood Asian, African, and Latin cultures have favorable view Western culture views becoming favorable Still combat some ageism. Cultural Beliefs about Late Adulthood.

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Late Adulthood

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  1. 12 Late Adulthood

  2. Physical Development

  3. Cultural Beliefs about Late Adulthood • Perception of late adulthood • Asian, African, and Latin cultures have favorable view • Western culture views becoming favorable • Still combat some ageism

  4. Cultural Beliefs about Late Adulthood • Substages of late adulthood • Young-Old—65-74 • Old-Old—75-84 • Oldest-Old—85 and up

  5. Cultural Beliefs about Late Adulthood • Perception of late adulthood • Each substage is different regarding physical, cognitive, and social functioning

  6. Cultural Beliefs about Late Adulthood • Differ in performing activities of daily living (ADL’s) and reported health • 1/3 of people over 80 say health is good • Less than ½ of 85-89 year olds have a disability • Functional age may be better concept to use than chronological age

  7. Global Aging Pattern • Old-Age Dependency Ratio (OADR) • Number of persons aged 65 or older Number of persons aged 20-64  • Bottom number represent work force who pay into government

  8. Global Aging Pattern • Top number represents those not in workforce but receive government benefits • OADR increase means more people receiving benefits and not enough paying in to cover

  9. Global Aging Pattern • Reasons for climbing OADR • Birth rate peaked (represent workforce) • Medical care increases longevity • Some gender differences in life expectancy

  10. Physical Changes • Hair continues to gray and thin • Bones thin especially in women • Age spots develop—sun exposure hastens development • Height and weight decline • Teeth yellow • Exercise and healthy diet can slow some appearance changes

  11. Changes in Senses • Vision • Reduced visual acuity • Cataracts • Most common visual impairment • Increased chance of Macular Degeneration • Increased chance of Glaucoma

  12. Changes in Senses

  13. Changes in Senses • Hearing • Acuity diminishes for high-pitched sounds • May develop tinnitus • Can lead to social isolation • Taste and smell • Decline in taste and smell can make food less enjoyable • Dangerous smells not detected

  14. Physical ChangesChanges in Sleep • Quality of sleep declines with age • Sleep less deeply • Time in light sleep increases • Sleep Apnea common sleep problem • Can be treated with CPAP device • Psychological issues can also impair sleep • Depression, anxiety, and medical conditions

  15. Health in Late AdulthoodChronic Health Problems • Common health issues are: arthritis osteoporosis, and hypertension • Arthritis—disease of the joints • Cartilage that cushions joints wear out • Women affected more than men • Management involves medication, inserting new joints and/or exercise

  16. Health in Late AdulthoodChronic Health Problems • Osteoporosis • Increased risk for broken bones • Exercise and calcium-rich diet for treatment • Hypertension • Secondary aging makes condition worsen • Diet and medications are treatment options

  17. Health in Late AdulthoodHealth Care and Health Promotion • Medical intervention can combat health problems • Developed countries allow access to healthcare • Rising OADR will cause future financial strain • Healthy lifestyle can help

  18. Figure 12.3 Use of Medical Resources by Age Group Persons age 65 and over consume far more medical resources than persons in other age groups. Source: OECD (2009)

  19. Health in Late AdulthoodHealth Care and Health Promotion • Healthy lifestyle includes: • Healthy diet—low fat and sugar, taking multivitamins • Regular exercise—lowers risk of disease, increases muscle and bone mass • Aerobic and strength training beneficial • Avoid smoking and alcohol

  20. Cognitive Development

  21. Cognitive Changes and DeclineChanges in Attention and Memory • Declines in • Selective Attention • Divided Attention • Sustained Attention • Memory effects include • Working memory decline • Episodic and autobiographical memory decline • Source memory decline

  22. Cognitive Changes and DeclineDementia and Alzheimer’s Disease • Biological brain changes include • Brain mass decline • Spaces within brain increase • Hippocampus, cerebellum, frontal lobes • Neurotransmitters decline • Acetylcholine and dopamine

  23. Cognitive Changes and DeclineDementia and Alzheimer’s Disease • Aging increases risk of dementia • Alzheimer’s disease most common • Loss of memory for recent events including people • increased anxiety and aggression • Two features include • Accumulation of plaques • Neurofibrillary tangles

  24. Cognitive Changes and DeclineDementia and Alzheimer’s Disease • Risk factors include • Gene • ApoE gene or all onset but may not determine developing Alzheimer’s • Diet • Protective factors include • Cognitive activity • Physical exercise • Diet

  25. Alternative Views on Cognitive Changes Wisdom • Wisdom—expertise in the conduct and meaning of life • Includes insight, knowledge, strategies, values, and awareness • Current research • No clear link to age and being wise • Future research may examine cultural differences • Impact of culture’s rates of social change

  26. Alternative Views on Cognitive ChangesDealing with Cognitive Decline • Late-life learning • Regular mental exercise slows cognitive decline • Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) • Selecting valued activities • Optimize performances in those activities • Compensating for decline by using new strategies

  27. Alternative Views on Cognitive ChangesDealing with Cognitive Decline

  28. Emotional and Social Development

  29. Figure 12.4 Age and Emotional States In the course of late adulthood, positive affect rises steadily. Source: Mroczek (2001)

  30. Emotional and Self-DevelopmentTheories on Emotions in Late Adulthood • Erikson’s—Ego integrity vs. despair • Ego integrity—looking back on one’s life and accepting outcome • Despair—regrets and bitterness about the course of one’s life • Physical and cognitive problems can impact self-esteem and integrity • Depression can increase risk of despair

  31. Emotional and Self-DevelopmentTheories on Emotions in Late Adulthood • Socioemotional Selectivity Theory— maximize emotional well-being by becoming increasingly selective with social contacts • Goals change • Knowledge based • Emotion based • Older adults seek relationships low in conflict and high in mutual enjoyment

  32. The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Family Relationships • Contact with adult children continue into late adulthood • Asian cultures believe in Filial Piety • Obligation to parents and provide care with age • Assistance flows from children to parents

  33. The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Family Relationships • Western cultures • Assistance flows from parents to children • Gender differences • Daughters provide more care • Sons financial

  34. The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Family Relationships • Relationships with grandchildren are positive • Closeness and affection remain strong • Gender differences • Closer to grandmother than grandfather • Great grandchildren signal family endurance

  35. The Sociocultural Contexts of DevelopmentLiving Arrangements in Late Adulthood • Western countries • Living independently • Northern Europe—Independent • Southern Europe—Live with child • Living facilities • Assisted living and nursing homes • Personal control important • Asian countries • Living independently or with adult child

  36. The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Love and Sexuality • Marital satisfaction at peak • Divorce would have occurred earlier leaving strongest marriages • Fewer daily responsibilities that cause stress • More time to enjoy leisure activities • Solve disagreements calmly

  37. The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Love and Sexuality • Depression and loneliness follows losing a spouse • Widows more common than widowers • Social contact important for recovery

  38. The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Love and Sexuality • Sexual behavior expectations differ by culture • Activity relies on partner availability and physical health • With assistance some problems correctable • Women—lubrication, Men—medication for erectile dysfunction

  39. The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Love and Sexuality • Intimate acts more common than sexual intercourse • Masturbation remains common

  40. Figure 12.6 Sexuality in Middle and Late Adulthood In American society, many adults age 45 and over take part in a variety of sexual activities. This figure shows the percentage of adults engaging in sexual activities once a week or more often within the past six months. Source: Based on AARP (2009)

  41. The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Work and Retirement • Median retirement age is 60–63 • Longer life expectancies increase retirement age • Retiring impacted by • Finances, physical health, and job satisfaction

  42. The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Work and Retirement • Satisfaction highest if retirement by choice • May retire gradually but not for money • Social contact and remaining active • May have problems in obtaining work

  43. The Sociocultural Contexts of DevelopmentLife Outside of Work and Home • Time devoted to leisure activities, community activities, and religious involvement • Leisure activities • Increased time to continue previous interests • Increased travel if able • Time spent doing non-demanding activities

  44. The Sociocultural Contexts of DevelopmentLife Outside of Work and Home • Community service and civic engagement • Enhance well being of future generations • Efforts increase social well-being • Enhance seniors well-being

  45. The Sociocultural Contexts of DevelopmentLife Outside of Work and Home • Religious involvement • Participation increases • Practices and beliefs increase • Women more religious than men but men hold dominate positions • Promotes self esteem, life satisfaction, and overall happiness • Promotes better physical health

  46. The Sociocultural Contexts of DevelopmentLife Outside of Work and Home • Television, movies, reading, music compose 40% of leisure time • Television use increases throughout life • Impacts globalization • Internet use lowest in later adulthood • Can have positive outcomes if taught to use internet

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