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Chapter 19 – The Vietnam War

Explore the history of the Vietnam War, from French colonization to the U.S. involvement, through a video and text. Understand the causes, major events, and impact of the war.

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Chapter 19 – The Vietnam War

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  1. Chapter 19 – The Vietnam War Section Notes Video The War Develops U.S. Support of the War at Home and Abroad 1968: A Turning Point The War Ends The Vietnam War Maps Indochina, 1950 The Vietnam Conflict, 1964 – 1975 The Election of 1968 History Close-up Vietcong Tunnels Images 9th Calvary in Vietnam U.S. Forces in Vietnam, 1965 – 1972 Tet Offensive Casualties Political Cartoon: Vietnam Web Quick Facts Causes of the Vietnam War Visual Summary: The Vietnam War

  2. Chapter 19: Section 1 Ho Chi Minh – Leader of the drive for Vietnamese independence; leader of North Vietnam Vietminh– Vietnamese group that resisted the Japanese occupation in WWII Domino Theory – Theory that if one Southeast Asian Country fell to communism, others would follow Dien Bien Phu – Site of France’s last stand to keep Vietnam a French colony Geneva Conference – Conference to work out a peace agreement for Indochina Ngo Dinh Diem – Corrupt and brutal South Vietnamese leader Vietcong – Military forces in South Vietnam who united to overthrow Diem Tonkin Gulf Resolution – Resolution that enabled President Johnson to use “all necessary measures to repel any armed attack”

  3. Bell Ringer: Ch. 19 section 1… In 1919 France ruled Vietnam, and some 50,000 Vietnamese lived and worked in France. One young Vietnamese man living in France was Nguyen That Thanh. Inspired by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, which included a call for self-determination for all peoples, Nguyen was gathering support for Vietnamese independence. Nguyen wrote to Wilson, seeking support for Vietnamese independence. Wilson never replied. Bitterly disappointed, Nguyen returned to Vietnam in 1941 with a new name and a fierce commitment to independence. 1. Why did Nguyen That Thanh write to President Wilson? 2. Why do you think Nguyen was disappointed that Wilson did not respond to his letter? 3. What is the Domino Theory? 4. Who was Ngo Dinh Diem? 5. What was the Tonkin Gulf Resolution?

  4. Ch. 19 - Section 1: The War Develops The Main Idea Concern about the spread of communism led the United States to become increasingly violent in Vietnam. How did Southeast Asia’s colonial history produce increased tensions in Vietnam? What policies did Presidents Truman and Eisenhower pursue in Vietnam after World War II? What events and conditions caused growing conflicts between North Vietnam and South Vietnam? Why did Presidents Kennedy and Johnson increase U.S. involvement in Vietnam? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QISY1nNCwVg

  5. As far back as the 1400s Vietnam has struggled for independence. France gained control of Vietnam in 1883 despite fierce resistance from the Vietnamese. The French combined Vietnam with Laos and Cambodia to form French Indochina. Ho Chi Minh led a growing nationalist movement in Vietnam. During World War II, the Japanese army occupied French Indochina. A group called the League for the Independence of Vietnam, or the Vietminh, fought the Japanese. After World War II, the Vietminh declared independence, but the French quickly moved in to reclaim Vietnam. 1. How did Southeast Asia’s Colonial History, increase tensions in Vietnam?

  6. Ho Chi Minh French economic and civil harassment fueled a nationalist movement? in Vietnam Real name is Nguyen That Thanh; Ho Chi Minh means “He Who Enlightens.” Participated in tax revolts against the French. Joined the French Communist Party. Believed that a Communist revolution was a way Vietnam could be free of foreign rulers. Why? World War II Japan occupied French Indochina. Ho Chi Minh organized the Vietminhto fight the Japanese. Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945, and the Vietminh declared Vietnam to be independent. Ho Chi Minh hoped for U.S. support if they declared independence. Why? The French reclaimed Vietnam after World War II. 1. How did Southeast Asia’s Colonial History, increase tensions in Vietnam?

  7. “All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights; among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of Happiness… the Whole Vietnamese people, animated (driven) by a common purpose, are determined to fight to the bitter end against any attempt by the French colonialists to reconquer their country. We are convinced that the allied nations, which… have acknowledged the principles of self determination and equality of nations, will not refuse to acknowledge the independence of Vietnam.” Ho Chi Minh j A. Why does Ho Chi Minh quote the Declaration of Independence?

  8. 2. What policies did Presidents Truman and Eisenhower pursue in Vietnam after WW II? • President Truman Saw Vietnam in terms of the Cold War struggle against communism • Supported France; unwilling to back the Vietminh because many were Communists Truman • In 1946 the Vietnamese people began a war against France for independence (The First Indochina war) • Communists seized China in 1949. • Communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950. • Communist-led revolts in Indonesia, Malaya, and the Philippines Events • President Eisenhower Believed in the domino theory. What is this theory? • Sent arms, ammunition, supplies, and money to the French forces in Vietnam. Eisenhower

  9. The Domino Theory Domino theory—the belief that communism would spread to neighboring countries if Vietnam fell to communism To avoid this, the United States supported the French during the Vietnam War. Why? By 1954 the United States was paying more than 75 percent of the cost of the war for France. The French continued to lose battle after battle?? Vietminh used guerrilla tactics effectively. France Defeated French soldiers made a last stand at Dien Bien Phu. French forces hoped for a U.S. rescue, but Eisenhower did not want to send U.S. soldiers to Asia so soon after the Korean War. The French surrendered on May 7, 1954. After eight years of fighting, the two sides had lost nearly 300,000 soldiers. The Vietminh had learned how to fight a guerilla war against an enemy with superior weapons and technology. B. Why would this be important in the future? Vietnam after World War II

  10. The Geneva Conference The goal of the Geneva Conference was to work out a peace agreement and arrange for Indochina’s future after France’s war with the Vietnamese. According to the Geneva Accords, Vietnam was temporarily divided at the 17th parallel. (north = communist, south = anti-communist) Vietminh forces controlled the North and the French would withdraw from the country. General elections were to be held in July 1956 and would reunify the country under one government. ?? The United States never fully supported the peace agreements fearing that Ho Chi Minh and the Communists would win the nationwide election.

  11. President Eisenhower hoped to prevent communism from spreading to South Vietnam. South Vietnam’s leader was Ngo Dinh Diem. Diem was strongly against communism and the Vietminh. North Vietnam’s leader was Ho Chi Mihn. While Ho Chi Minh became more and more popular in North Vietnam, Why?? Ngo Dinh Diem’s corrupt and brutal leadership began to anger many South Vietnamese. By the late 1950s a civil war broke out in South Vietnam. And by 1960,Ho Chi Minh expanded the effort to unify North and South Vietnam under a Communist government. 3. What events and Conditions caused growing Conflict between North Vietnam and South Vietnam

  12. Vietnam’s Leaders Ngo Dinh Diem became the president of South Vietnam in 1954. Diem’s government was corrupt, brutal, and unpopular from the start. He favored Catholics and the wealthy. Diem cancelled the 1956 election that would unify Vietnam under one government. Why? Ho Chi Minh’sleadership in North Vietnam was totalitarian and repressive. He gave land to peasants, which made him extremely popular. Why? A Civil War Diem’s opponents in South Vietnam began to revolt. North Vietnam supplied weapons to Vietminh rebels in South Vietnam. The Vietminh in South Vietnam formed the National Liberation Front and called their military forces the Vietcong. (Vietnamese Communists) The Vietcong assassinated thousands of South Vietnamese leaders and soon controlled much of the countryside. In 1960 Ho Chi Minh sent the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) into the country to fight with the Vietcong. 3. What events and Conditions caused growing Conflict between North Vietnam and South Vietnam?

  13. 4. U.S. Involvement in Vietnam • Eisenhower decided to intervene in the South Vietnam conflict in 1955 • Began sending money and weapons to South Vietnam • 900 Military advisors sent to train South Vietnamese army Eisenhower • Kennedy also Believed in the Domino Theory • Increased the number of military advisors and army special forces, or Green Berets (1963, 16,000) • Advisors were not to take part in combat, but many did • In 1961, 14 Americans were killed, by 1963 nearly 500 were killed Kennedy • Johnson Believed an expanded U.S. effort was the only way to prevent a Communist victory in Vietnam • Asked Congress to pass the Tonkin Gulf Resolution Johnson

  14. Diem’s Overthrow Diem’s government continued to grow more and more unpopular. He arrested and killed Buddhist protesters. U.S. leaders said they would withdraw support if Diem did not change his ways. Diem refused to change his stand against Buddhists, and the United States began to support a plot to overthrow Diem. “The war can not be won under a Diem administration” In November 1963 the South Vietnamese plotters murdered Diem. “In the final analysis it is their war. They are the ones who have to win or lose it.” Tonkin Gulf Resolution By 1964, the Vietcong controlled 40% of South Vietnam To increase the American military effort in Vietnam, Johnson needed to obtain authority from Congress. Johnson asked Congress for this authority when the USS Maddox had been attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin. Johnson claimed this attack was unprovoked, but really the Maddox had been on a spying mission and had fired first. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution was passed on August 7. Gave President Johnson “all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the U.S.” All out war with Vietnam had begun. Increasing U.S. Involvement

  15. Last group to have all members seated minus 1 point • Using your notes, You have 5 minutes to develop 5 questions • Groups will ask competing groups questions • You may use your notes to answer the questions • Points will be deducted if the question is ridiculous • Must be factual questions, no opinions! • Only use information that you think will be on the test or quiz! • Make the question difficult not impossible! • Each group has 20 seconds to answer the opponents question • Team with the most points at the end of the unit gets 5 points • Ex: Why did Ho Chi Minh expect the U.S. to support Vietnam’s bid for independence? = Vietnam’s fight for freedom was similar to the American Revolution. • Roles: • One person, is responsible for creating a team name (best name gets 2 points) • One person writes questions • 2 – 3 people collaborate to determine effective questions.

  16. Ch. 19 Section 2 Operation Rolling Thunder – Bombing campaign in North Vietnam in 1965 Ho Chi Minh Trail – Network of paths and tunnels that began in North Vietnam and ended in South Vietnam William Westmoreland – Commander of U.S. ground troops in South Vietnam Pacification– U.S. policy aimed at winning the support of the South Vietnamese people Doves – People who opposed the war Hawks – People who supported the war J. William Fulbright – Head of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee who criticized the war openly

  17. Ch. 19 Section 2 Bell Ringer: • How was technology used during the Vietnam War? • How was science used during the Vietnam War? • What effect did this science have on the people of Vietnam? • Why did college enrollment during the Vietnam War skyrocket? • What effect did the Draft have on African Americans • How did the Vietnamese use the Jungle to their advantage? • How did the Jungles of Vietnam psychologically affect American Soldiers?

  18. U.S. Support of the War at Home and Abroad The Main Idea As the United States sent increasing numbers of troops to defend South Vietnam, some Americans began to question the war. Reading Focus Why did U.S. superiority in the air war fail to win quickly in Vietnam? What made the ground war in Vietnam so difficult to fight? How were U.S. forces mobilized for the war? How and why did public opinion about the war gradually change?

  19. Why did U.S. superiority in the air war fail to win quickly in Vietnam? • Operation Rolling Thunder • A bombing campaign over North Vietnam • Bombed military targets—army bases and airfields—as well as bridges, roads, railways, and power plants • The Main target was the Ho Chi Minh Trail • The North used the trail to send weapons, food, and soldiers to the South • Weapons of the Air War • Agent Orange—dioxin! (Parkinson’s, Cancers, birth defects,) 3 million contaminated • Napalm—jellied form of gasoline used to create firebombs • “Cluster bombs”—sprayed sharp metal fragments when exploded • https://youtu.be/jTxrq_Erw-k • The Air War • Bombing did NOT! succeed • Flow of goods from North to South Vietnam actually INCREASED!! • Vietcong repaired bridges, had bunkers underground, and used weapons from the Soviet Union and China • Within 3 years, 1 million tons of bombs had been dropped on North Vietnam.

  20. The number of U.S. ground forces in Vietnam continued to grow. U.S. strategy called for ground forces to go on search-and-destroy missions. General William Westmoreland commanded the U.S. ground troops in South Vietnam. Ground troops located the enemy and called for air strikes. Areas that were “cleared” rarely remained that way for long. U.S. forces implemented a program of pacification to “win the hearts and minds” of the South Vietnamese people. Why was this important? Nonmilitary pacification involved construction projects. Military pacification involved moving people out of their villages when Vietcong were nearby. (then what?) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nsA9l5065s Difficult Ground War in Vietnam

  21. Nonmilitary pacification

  22. Military pacification

  23. American forces in Vietnam faced many challenges. Vietcong struck and then melted back into the jungle Vietnamese peasants seemed peaceful during the day, but at night aided or became Vietcong. Vietcong knew the local geography. U.S. soldiers faced constant danger. Each path could lead to an ambush. Each step could trip a booby trap Incredibly harsh conditions in the jungles of Vietnam impossible to tell the difference between a Vietcong fighter and a civilian. Enormous casualties inflicted upon the Communist forces did not lead to victory. With the aid of the Soviet Union and China, North Vietnam sent a steady stream of supplies and soldiers to the South. Vietcong continued to refill their ranks with civilians. U.S. air strikes and the pacification program turned many peasants into Vietcong fighters. How? Declining Troop Morale

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