The Cardiovascular System

1. The Cardiovascular System By Cody Collins

2. Atria • heart is made up of four chambers • two chambers on each side of the heart, one on the bottom and one on the top • two chambers on top are called the atria (atrium). • left atrium and a right atrium. • atria fill with blood returning to the heart from the body and lungs.  

3. Ventricles • The two chambers on the bottom are the ventricles. • The heart has a left ventricle and a right ventricle. Their job is to return blood to the body and lungs. • Left ventricle distributes blood to the body. • Right ventricle distributes blood to the lungs.

4. TheHeart • The atria and ventricles work together. • The atria fill with blood, and pump it into the ventricles. • The ventricles then squeeze, pumping blood out of the heart. • The atria refill and prepare for the next contraction while the ventricles are squeezing.

5. Valves • blood relies on four special valves inside the heart • valves lets something in and keep it there by closing • Example: Think of walking through a door. The door shuts behind you and keeps you from going backward.

6. Valves • Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve • Purpose-allow blood flow from the atria to the ventricles. • Aortic valve and Pulmonary valve • Purpose- in charge of controlling the flow as the blood leaves the heart. • These valves work to keep the blood flowing forward. • open to let blood move ahead • close quickly to keep the blood from flowing backward.

7. The Heart

8. Visuals Human Heart Anatomy of a Heart Pig Heart Enlarged Heart

9. History • The valves of the heart were discovered by a physician of the Hippocratean school around the 4th century BC. • Herophilus distinguished veins from arteries but thought that the pulse was a property of arteries themselves. • The Greek physician Galen knew that blood vessels carried blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood.

10. References • http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/body/heart_noSW.html • http://anatquest.nlm.nih.gov/VisibleHuman/ImageData/Rendered/jpg/DPR100007226.jpg • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular • http://www.stayinginshape.com/3chsbuffalo/libv/libgraph/heart.gif

11. Heart ValvesBy: Tracey D. Smith

12. What it does • The heart has four chambers • The upper two are the right and left atria • The lower two are the right and left ventricles • Blood is pumped through the chambers, aided by four heart valves • The valves open and close to let the blood flow in only one direction

13. What it looks like

14. The four heart valves • The tricuspid valve • The pulmonary or pulmonic valve • The mitral valve • The aortic valve

15. Problems • Heart valves don’t always work as they should. • A person can be born with an abnormal heart valve. • A valve can also become damaged by: • Infections • Rheumatic fever • Changes in valve structure

16. Defective Heart Valve

17. Can you fix it? • To fix a defective heart valve you have to have surgery. • A number of durable and highly efficient artificial valves have been developed from animal parts, plastic, and metal. • There are also newer surgical techniques to reconstruct defective heart valves. • Physician scientists at Columbia are currently investigating the potential of a non-invasive procedure for mitral valve repair procedure known as Evalve.

18. Effects of heart valve disease • Valves that don’t shut properly cause the regurgitation of blood back across the valve in the wrong direction. • Valves that won’t open properly is known as stenosis of the valve, which means that blood flow through the valve is limited.

19. Aortic valve stenosis

20. References • http://www.google.com/ • http://www.ask.com/?o=0#subject:ask/pg:1 • http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditions/heartvalve1.shtml

21. Heart Murmurs By: Katie Cox

22. MURMURS Extra, abnormal, or unexpected sound caused by the flow of blood through the heart

23. SYMPTOMS • Chest pain • Rapid or pounding heartbeat • Shortness of breath • Fatigue • Dizziness • Weakness • Fever cough • Paleness

24. CAUSES • Defective Heart Valve • Holes in the heart wall • Surgical repair of congenital heart defects • Fever • Anemia

25. PREVENTION • Proper treatments of: • Strep throat • Rheumatic Fever • Hypertension

26. SIX ATTRIBUTES • Intensity • Pitch • Configuration • Quality • Duration • Timing

27. INTENSITY/PITCH • Grade I: Faintest, Heard with difficulty • Grade II: Faint but identified immediately • Grade III: Moderately loud • Grade IV: Loud, associated with palpable thrill • Grade V: Very loud, can’t be heard with stethoscope • Grade VI: Loudest, can be heard without stethoscope

28. CONFIGURATION • Crescendo: increasing • Decrescendo: decreasing • Crescendo-Decrescendo: diamond-shaped • Plateau: unchanged

29. QUALITY • Squeaky • Musical • Harsh • Scratchy • Rumbling • Grunting • Blowing

30. Length of systole or diastole a murmur occupies Most important in determining cause In relation to normal cardiac cycle DURATION & TIMING

31. TYPES • Diastolic • Muscle relaxation • Systolic • Muscle contraction • Continuous • Throughout cardiac cycle

32. REFERENCES • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmur • http://www.childrenshospital.org/az/site497/mainpageS497PO.html • http://heartlink.mcw.edu/article/880000049.html • http://atoz.iqhealth.com/HealthAnswers/encyclopedia/HTMLfiles/3168.html

33. Pacemakers The study of the heart

34. Introduction • Electrical impulses from the heart muscle cause your heart to beat (contract). This electrical signal begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrium). The SA node is sometimes called the heart’s “natural pacemaker.”

35. A pacemaker (or "artificial pacemaker”) • so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker) is a medical device designed to regulate the beating of the heart. The purpose of an artificial pacemaker is to stimulate the heart when either the heart's native pacemaker is not fast enough or if there are blocks in the heart's electrical conduction system preventing the propagation of electrical impulses from the native pacemaker to the lower chambers of the heart, known as the ventricles.

36. Heart Regulators • Pacemakers are small electrical generators that control your heart beat. They are often just called pacers. You may need a pacemaker if you have a chronic rhythm problem. The pacemaker is one sealed unit, with a battery, some circuitry, and a connector block inside.     The battery supplies the power. The circuitry is like a little computer inside the pacemaker - it changes energy from the battery into tiny electrical pulses that go to your heart through wires called leads. The connector block is plastic, on top of the pacemaker. That's where the leads connect to the generator unit.

37. Devices that will not affect or damage pacemakers • CB Radios • Electric Drills • Electric Blankets • Electric Shavers • Ham Radios • Heating Pads • Metal Detectors • Microwave Ovens • TV Transmitters • TV Remote controls • X-Ray Machines • Airport Security Detectors

38. Devices that will affect or damage the pacemaker • Power Generating Equipment • Welding Equipment • Certain pieces of equipment used by dentists • Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) machines • Radiation machines for treating cancer • Heavy equipment or motors that have powerful magnets

39. Electrocardiogram • Reads the electric pulses in the heart • This picture represents the ECG for a normal heart

40. A pacemaker is about the size of a matchbox. It is made up of two parts. • A pulse generator, which includes the battery and several electronic circuits • Wires called leads, which are attached to the heart wall. Depending on the type of pacemaker you need, there may be one or two leads

41. WHAT DOES A REAL PACEMAKER LOOK LIKE

42. An X-Ray of a real working pacemaker looks like this

43. Pacemaker Patients • For most people, work, hobbies, sexual activity, travel, and other aspects of their lifestyles are no different once they have a Guidant implanted device. It will help you enjoy as active and productive a lifestyle as your overall health permits.

44. By Vincent Espinoza High Blood Pressure

45. What is high blood pressure? • High blood pressure is when you have a blood reading of 140/80mmHg(millimeters in mercury) or higher. • It is high tension in the arteries. • Also called hypertension. • It does not mean excessive tension or stress. • It is able to cause heart disease, kidney disease, and stroke.

47. Facts about high blood pressure • One in three Americans has high blood pressure. • It is often called the silent killer because there are no symptoms. • Some people may not find out until they have trouble with their hearts, brains, and kidneys.

48. If not found and treated • It can cause the heart to become larger, which may lead to heart problems. • Small bulges form on the blood vessels. • Blood vessels in the kidney to narrow. • Arteries in the body to harden. • Blood vessels in the eyes the burst or bleed, which may cause vision changes or blindness.

49. The types of high blood pressure • Essential hypertension • Secondary hypertension

50. Essential hypertension Is a far more common condition and accounts for 95% of hypertension. It is multilateral in the sense that there are many causes.