1 / 17

Challenges in China

Challenges in China. Closing and Opening the Door. Superiority and Fear. Strict restrictions on trading activity Qing Dynasty determined to keep China closed Two Main Reasons: Sense of Superiority Tian Xia: Zone Beneath the Heaven Morally on a different level

traci
Download Presentation

Challenges in China

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Challenges in China Closing and Opening the Door

  2. Superiority and Fear • Strict restrictions on trading activity • Qing Dynasty determined to keep China closed • Two Main Reasons: • Sense of Superiority • Tian Xia: Zone Beneath the Heaven • Morally on a different level • Economically had enough in their own country to conduct healthy trade • Fear of Imperialism • Watched European expansion all around them • External pressure coupled with internal turmoil=overthrow

  3. Trading with the West • Restrictions began to be lifted slightly • One-way trading occurring, China as trader • Deficit rising for West • Desire to balance it out • China entirely too self-sufficient What do they need, oh what do they need?

  4. Opium • Opium: Chinese vice by 1830’s: 12 million addicted • Addiction crossed all social boundaries • Western countries smuggling in opium now saw trade surplus • Fear w/in government, no military to protect and no money to arm military

  5. Drug Czar of China • Special Commissioner Lin Zexu given authority by the emperor to enforce new laws to crackdown • Imprisonment, and even death for smoking or trading opium • Two months in Canton: 1600 arrests and 11,000 lbs. of opium • Forced foreign merchants to hand over thousands of lbs. of opium • Burned in public demonstration • Stated trade should be abolished with West • British outraged

  6. Opium War • Chinese no match for British • Fight was all in vain • Chinese suffer a humiliating defeat • Treaty on Nanjing 1842 • Increased trade • Increased scope of British activity, Hong Kong given up • Control of custom duties lost by China, now negotiated • Opium War: Not really about opium, but about what China represented

  7. Effects cont…. • Tianjin Treaty • More ports opened for trading practices • Disruption of native industries • Adaptation required • Defeat of Opium War turned worldview upside down • Foreign warships allowed free entrance • Westerners exempt from Chinese laws • Chinese who worked for westerners also exempt

  8. Cont… • Foreign intervention leads to chaos • Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 • Christianity plays role • Unrest rampant • Required Manchu's to seek military support, private armies unwilling to disband • Multiple attempts at reform, trying to hold on • Self-strengthening policy

  9. Effects on Economy • Tea and silk producing regions prospered • Farmers abandoned food production • Result: higher food prices • Civil unrest • Increased ports saw Canton lose position and wealth, many lost jobs • Textile industries: • Home textiles basically eliminated

  10. Social and Political Changes • Began to “intellectually” discover the west • Wei-Yuan: in order to fight the west one must learn from the west” • Foreign Ministry established • Challenges • Enterprises controlled by feudal bureaucrats • Corruption, lack of vision, poor administration • Manchu Dynasty weaknesses exposed

  11. Cont…. • Capitalism was developing, much slower pace • Cixi’s attempts at progress not enough, lost focus • Inadequately prepared for western “invasion” • Boxer Rebellion: response to western activity and control on canals and rivers • Foreigners target of frustration • Heavy retaliation from foreign troops • Opens door for tense relationship between Russians and Japanese

  12. Cont… • Qing control beyond borders crumbling • Western nations picking apart territories, gaining control • Reform needed, no general consensus or direction • Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian) • Encouraged “Nationalism” • Ended Manchu rule for good • One step forward, declares a republic • Weakness: Lacked support in great numbers

  13. Rich Country, Strong Army • Tokugawa Shogunate time of peace and stability • Inflexible • Bakufu rigidity increases as things begin to disintegrate • Isolation looks to be only answer • Increases levels of suspicion on all sides

  14. Americans Open Door • 1853 Commodore Perry makes strong impression • Fear? Interest? Treaty of Kanagawa • Ports opened • Privileges granted • Europe follows suit

  15. Change?? • Initial resistance • Attempts to thwart western activities unsuccessful • Shogunate system dismantled

  16. Meiji Restoration 1868 • Bring back the emperor • Figure head • Symbol of Japanese culture • Advisors made political, military, and economic decisions • Social classes restructured • Feudal lords no more • Samurai's no longer • Hereditary rights abolished • Goal: • Modernization • Retain independence

  17. Strength and Change • Military vamped up • No private armies • Conscription enacted • Education system reformed • Modeled after American and French system • Colonialism explored • Korea and Taiwan early conquests • Raises concern for European nations

More Related