Ch. 1 Key Issue 4

1. Ch. 1 Key Issue 4 Scale--From local to global

2. Deep Thought • Write a reaction to this quote regarding environment and development. Be prepared to share. • "The enervating monotonous climates of much of the tropical zone, together with the abundant and easily obtained food supply, produce a lazy and indolent people, indisposed to labour for hire and therefore in the past subjected to coercion culminating in slavery" (Austin Miller, Climatology, 1947)

3. Scale • Local: Neighborhoods, cities--Geographers notice uniqueness • Global: geographers notice broad patterns • “Think and act both global and local”

4. Globalization • Shrinks the world so that global can feel local • Example: year round produce in grocery stores • Transnational corporations • What changes in infrastructure allow for transnationals?

5. Problems of Globalization • What is one difficulty with globalization we can never overcome? • Time zones • The “race to the bottom” • Factories in lesser developed countries

6. Pros and Cons of Globalization • Loss of local diversity • Religion and language • Increase in Television channels • Human geography studies problems resulting from tension between globalization and local diversity

7. Areas of endangered languages

8. Endangered Languages • Tuvan--Russia--235,000 • Aka--India--2,000 • Seri--Mexico--1,000 • Wintu--California--less than 10 • Euchee--Oklahoma--4

9. Dominant Languages • Chinese*--1,213,000,000 • Spanish--329,000,000 • English--328,000,000 • Arabic*--221,000,000 • Hindi-- 182,000,000 • Bengali-- 181,000,000 • Portuguese-- 178,000,000 • Russian--144,000,000 • Japanese-- 122,000,000 • German--90,000,000

10. World Wide Coca Cola Consumption

11. http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-mcdonalds-food-around-the-world,0,5168632.photogalleryhttp://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-mcdonalds-food-around-the-world,0,5168632.photogallery

12. Distribution and Density • Distribution--The arrangement of a feature in space • Density--Frequency something occurs

13. Density • Arithmetic density--total number of objects in an area • Belgium=900 people/mile • China=355 people/mile • Large population doesn’t necessarily equal high density

14. Density • Does high population density affect poverty? • --Not necessarily • Netherlands- 1040/mile • Mali- 29/mile

15. Other ways to measure density • Physiological density- number of people/unit of area suitable for agriculture • Agricultural density- number of farmers/unit area of farmland

16. Concentration • Concentration: the extent of a feature’s spread over space • Clustered vs Dispersed • Describes changes in distribution • Concentration does not equal density • Examples: Neighborhoods, baseball teams

17. Density and Distribution Top Plan has a lower density than middle plan (24 houses/82 acres vs 32 houses/82 acres Middle and lower plans have the same density but distribution is more clustered in lower plan

18. US Baseball Teams 1952

19. US Baseball Teams 2007 Density (# of Teams) Increased, Less clustered, more dispersed

20. Pattern • Linear • Grid • Land Ordinance of 1785

21. What Type of Map? What Type of Pattern?

22. Where is this? Why type of Pattern?

23. Where is this? What type of Pattern?

24. Where is this? What type of Pattern?

25. Austin: 1 dot=25 people Yellow=Hispanic Green=Asian Blue=Black Red=White

26. Diffusion • An Orange Activity • Diffusion is the process by which a characteristic spreads from one place to another over time. • Hearth: The place from which an innovation originates

27. BARRIERS TO DIFFUSION • TIME and DISTANCE DECAY – farther from the source & the more time it takes, the less likely innovation adopted • CULTURAL BARRIERS – some practices, ideas, innovations are not acceptable/adoptable in a particular culture – e.g. pork, alcohol, contraceptives… • PHYSICAL BARRIERS – physical barriers on the surface may prohibit/inhibit adoption

28. Distance Decay Graph • Learn to think about distance decay in a “spatial” context • Think of distance decay in terms of an ‘x’ and ‘y’ axis

29. Two Types of Diffusion • Expansion • Relocation

30. Expansion Diffusion • EXPANSION DIFFUSION • Spread of an innovation/idea through a population in an area in such a way that the # of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination. (de Blij/Murphy – 7th ed., page R-20)

31. Kinds of Expansion Diffusion • Hierarchical Diffusion– spread of an idea through an established structure usually from people or areas of power down to other people or areas

32. Examples of Hierarchical Diffusion • iPhones (as do most new technologies) diffused hierarchically. iPhones, though cheaper, may still be too expensive for most consumers to buy; therefore diffusing hierarchically • Fashion trends tend to diffuse from URBAN to URBAN area

33. Expansion Diffusion • Contagious Diffusion– spread of an idea/trait/concept through a group of people or an area equallywithout regard to social class, economic position or position of power.

34. Examples of Contagious Diffusion • Disease – such as colds and flu • Religion – spread of Islam • Silly Bands – why did these not spread more hierarchically?

35. Which is a diagram of Contagious & Hierarchical DiffusionHuman Geography, deBlij & Murphy, 7th ed. Page 28 • ‘A’ is a diagram of contagious diffusion. Notice virtually all ‘adopt.’ • ‘B’ is a diagram of hierarchical diffusion. Notice the leapfrogging over some areas.

36. Expansion Diffusion • Stimulus Diffusion – the spread of an underlying principle even though the characteristic itself does not spread. • OR • Stimulus Diffusion- involves the transfer of an underlying concept or idea, without the specific accompanying traits due to some cultural or other barrier to the movement of the idea

37. An example of Stimulus Diffusion • McDonald’s spread to India; however, Indian Hindus do not eat beef. Indian McDonald’s serve veggie burgers, which is culturally acceptable. The idea (McDonald’s burgers) was acceptable, but not in its original form – hence stimulus diffusion.

38. RELOCATION DIFFUSION Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones. The most common form of relocation diffusion involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population. (de Blij/Murphy – 7th ed., page R-26)

39. Relocation Diffusion • This occurs when the people migrate and take their cultural attributes with them.

40. Relocation and Expansion – In ReviewHuman Geography, Fellmann, Getis & Getis, 8th ed. Page 55 • ‘A’ is relocation diffusion as the person goes. • ‘B’ is expansion diffusion as the idea/trait moves or transports.

41. Migrant Diffusion(a form of Relocation Diffusion) • Migrant Diffusion is when an innovation originates and enjoys strong, but brief, adoption in a place. The innovation may travel long distances (& be thriving), but could be extinct back at the hearth • Influenza (the flu) in China will reach the U.S., but the epidemic could be over in China by the time it takes hold in the U.S.

42. One more look…Wal-Mart as bothcontagious and reverse hierarchical diffusion – WHY?Human Geography, Fellmann, Getis & Getis, 8th Ed. Page 57

43. Random Thoughts on Diffusion • Expansion Diffusion • Contagious • Does not need have a specific pre-existing structure for transmission • Disease contagion is a prime example • Don’t forget the orange scent spreading around the room • Hierarchical • requires a pre-established structure to channel the flow ie 'chain of command' or network of power • Relocation Diffusion • Movement of people and things • Europeans moved to the Americas and brought their culture with them