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History of the City of Brno

History of the City of Brno. Historie města Brna.

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History of the City of Brno

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  1. History of the City of Brno

  2. Historie města Brna

  3. In around 1000 a settlement was established on a ford across the River Svratka, now known as Staré Brno (Old Brno), and it was this that gave the city its name. From the 11th century, Břetislav's castle stood here, and was the seat of the non-ruling Premyslid Prince. Around the castle several Czech market villages grew up, both in Old Brno and around Horní trh (today Zelný trh/Vegetable Market). Foreign colonists started to arrive from the 13th century: Germans, Flemish and Walloons, who settled around the Lower Square (today's Náměstí Svobody.

  4. Kolem r. 1000 vznikla osada u brodu přes řeku Svratku, nynější Staré Brno, a ta dala městu jeho jméno. To vzniklo z latinského slova brn, tedy bláto. Od 13. stol. přicházeli cizí kolonisté: Němci, Flandrové a Valoni, kteří se usídlili kolem Dolního náměstí (Svobody).

  5. A Jewish quarter was also formed in the area that today forms the lower end of Masarykova Street. Legal support for the development of the city came with the large and small privileges that were conferred upon the city in 1243 by Václav I, King of Bohemia. The city was then surrounded by fortifications which had five gates Měnín, Zidovská (Jews' Gate), Starobrněnská (Old Brno Gate), Veselá (Merry Gate), and Běhounská.

  6. Svoji obec vytvářeli i Židé v dolní části dnešní Masarykovy ulice. Město se ohradilo hradbami s pěti branami Měnínskou, Židovskou, Starobrněnskou, Veselou a Běhounskou.

  7. There were two parish churches - St. Peter's and St. James', and several monasteries: Benedictine in Komárov, Premonstrate in Zábrdovice, monasteries for mendicant orders such as the Dominicans, Minorites, Heburgs, Johannites in Old Brno, and a convent for Cistercian nuns also in Old Brno, which was founded by Queen Eliska Rejcka. The Spilberk castle was rebuilt in a Gothic style in the 13th century. In the 14th century the city became the seat of the Moravian Margraves, and underwent a period of great expansion; at this time there about 1000 buildings and 11 000 inhabitants.

  8. Se dvěma farními kostely - sv.Petra a sv. Jakuba - se o duchovní potřeby staralo několik klášterů: benediktinský v Komárově, premonstrátský v Zábrdovicích, kláštery žebravých řádů - dominikánů a minoritů a další. • Hrad Špilberk byl koncem 13. století přestavěn do gotické podoby. Město bylo ve 14. stol. sídlem moravských markrabat a prožívalo svůj rozkvět. Tehdy bylo ve městě asi 1000 domů a 11 000 obyvatel.

  9. Thanks to the right that the city possessed of holding annual markets, international trade grew. This meant that in-depth knowledge of legal regulations had to be gained, and so in 1355 Jan, the town hall scribe, compiled a book of regulations for the city aldermen, which became the legal norm for several other cities. The city was led by a magistrate and a city council of twelve aldermen. From the mid-14th century Brno became a centre for Moravian regional assemblies, which took place alternately in Brno and Olomouc. These regional authority organs made decisions on political, legal and financial questions and were responsible for the upkeep of regional records.

  10. V čele města stál rychtář a městská rada dvanácti konšelů. Od poloviny 14. stol. bylo Brno sídlem moravských zemských sněmů, které se scházely střídavě v Brně a v Olomouci. Tyto orgány zemské samosprávy řešily otázky politické, soudní a finanční a vedly zápisy do zemských desek.

  11. During the Hussite Wars the city remained faithful to King Zikmund, and the Hussites twice laid siege to the city, in 1428 and 1430, both times in vain. The first diplomatic talks were held in Brno, which led to the Treaty of Basle. In 1454 King Ladislav Pohrobek expelled the Jews from the city, and they resettled in the area that is now Křenová Street. During the reign of King Jiří of Poděbrady Brno supported his adversary Matthias Corvinus, who in Moravia was acknowledged as King of Bohemia. During both civil wars in the 15th century, the number of buildings fell and business dropped.

  12. Za husitských válek zůstalo město věrné králi Zikmundovi a husité je dvakrát marně obléhali v r.1428 a 1430. Za krále Jiřího z Poděbrad se Brno přidalo k jeho protivníku Matyáši Korvínovi, uznávanému na Moravě za českého krále. Za obou občanských válek v 15. stol. stagnoval počet domů i obyvatel a obchod upadal.

  13. In the mid-16th century Brno began to lean towards Protestantism, whose representatives had a majority on the city council. In an attempt to re-Catholicise the city, new Catholic orders came to Brno, of whom the Jesuits and the Capuchins were to gain a great influence. The number of inhabitants in the pre-White Mountain period remained at a similar level as it had been two hundred years previously. In 1619 the city contributed to the Estates Rebellion, for which it was punished. In 1643 and 1645 Brno was the only city to successfully defend the Swedish besiegements, thereby allowing the Austrian Empire to reform their armies and to repel the Swedish pressure.

  14. Počet obyvatel v předbělohorské době byl zhruba na stejné úrovni, jako před 200 lety. Město se r. 1619 přidalo ke stavovskému povstání, za což bylo potrestáno. Roku 1643 a zvláště r. 1645 se jako jediné město na Moravě ubránilo dlouhému obléhání švédských vojsk a tím umožnilo rakouské říši zformování nové armády a zastavení švédského tlaku.

  15. During the defence of the city, the military leader Radoit de Souches and the Jesuit Rector, Father Martin Středa, both played important roles. In recognition of its services the city was rewarded with a renewal of its city privileges which included a new symbol. During the Thirty Years' War Brno became the only capital of Moravia, and from 1641 the regional Moravian records were held in Brno. Following the Thirty Years' War the city became an impregnable baroque fortress. In 1742 the Prussians vainly attempted to conquer the city, and the position of Brno was confirmed with the establishment of a bishopric in 1777.

  16. Při obraně se vyznamenali vojenský velitel Radouit de Souches a rektor jezuitů P. Martin Středa. Město bylo za své zásluhy odměněno novými privilegii včetně povýšení znaku. Během třicetileté války se Brno stalo jediným hlavním městem Moravy a od roku 1641 byly v Brně trvale uloženy Zemské desky pro Moravu. Po třicetileté válce se stalo město nedobytnou barokní pevností.

  17. In the 18th century development of industry and trade began to take place, which continued into the next century. In Brno there was a concentration of textile and engineering industries, which rapidly adopted the most modern technology. In 1839 the first train arrived in Brno. Together with the development of industry came the growth of the suburbs, and the city lost its fortress characteristics, as did the Spilberk castle, which became a notorious prison to where not only criminals were sent, but also political opponents of the Austrian Empire. The fortifications were gradually demolished; these were replaced in the Viennese style by green areas and buildings, which formed the city ring road.

  18. V 18. a 19.století se v Brně soustřeďuje textilní a strojírenský průmysl, rychle jsou zaváděny nejnovější technologie. S rozvojem průmyslu rostou předměstí a město ztrácí charakter pevnosti stejně jako Špilberk, ze kterého se stalo vyhlášené vězení. Vedle kriminálních zločinců sem byli zavírání i političtí odpůrci rakouské říše. Postupně se bourají hradby, které jsou po vzoru Vídně nahrazovány budovami a zelenými plochami, tvořícími nový městský okruh.

  19. In 1850, 32 neighbouring communities were added to the city, and the population reached 46 000. Gas lighting was introduced to the city in 1847 and a tram system in 1869. Grammar schools, secondary schools and higher education establishments were also built. (German Technology School est. 1873, Czech Technology School est. 1899). At the turn of the 20th century the problem of nationalism reached its height between the Czech and the German inhabitants; the majority German representation in the city administration ended in 1919.

  20. Na přelomu 19.a 20.stol. vrcholí ve městě národnostní rozpory mezi německým a českým obyvatelstvem. Převaha Němců v městské samosprávě končí až roku 1919.

  21. During the First Republic Brno was the second city after Prague - both in terms of its population (1921: 210 000, 1937: 300 000), and also in importance, as it was the capital city of the Moravia/Silesia Province. It was during this period that the Masaryk University was established (1919), and the Brno Fairgrounds were opened in 1928 with an exhibition of contemporary culture. The city was not only a centre of industry and commerce, but also of education and culture. Famous personages who have worked in the city include Leoą Janáček, Viktor Kaplan, Jiří Mahen and Bohuslav Fuchs.

  22. Za první republiky bylo Brno druhým městem po Praze - jak svou velikostí (r.1921: 210 tis. obyv., r. 1937: 300 tis.), tak i významem - bylo hlavním městem země Moravskoslezské. V té době byla založena Masarykova universita (r.1919) a výstavou soudobé kultury je otevřeno brněnské výstaviště (r.1928). Město bylo nejen střediskem průmyslu a obchodu, ale i školství a kultury. Ze známých osobností zde působili zejména Leoš Janáček, Viktor Kaplan, Jiří Mahen a Bohuslav Fuchs.

  23. The Second World War caused serious damage to Brno. During the Nazi occupation many Czech citizens were executed in the city at the Kounicové Koleje (a student residence); the result of these atrocities was the evacuation of the German inhabitants in 1945. The subsequent period of Communist rule brought the city economic and political stagnation, the consequences of which we are still finding difficult to overcome.

  24. Druhá světová válka způsobila Brnu značné škody. Odsun německého obyvatelstva z Brna se uskutečnil až v roce 1945. Následující období komunistické vlády přineslo městu hospodářskou i politickou stagnaci, jejíž důsledky se dodnes těžce překonávají.

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