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The Rise of Rome

Chapter 5 Section 1. The Rise of Rome. The Land and Peoples of Italy. Italy is a peninsula extending about 750 miles from north to south The Apennine mountain range fairly large fertile plains ideal for farming. Rome. Greek Influence.

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The Rise of Rome

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  1. Chapter 5Section 1 The Rise of Rome

  2. The Land and Peoples of Italy • Italy is a peninsula extending about 750 miles from north to south • The Apennine mountain range • fairly large fertile plains ideal for farming

  3. Rome

  4. Greek Influence • Arrived in Italy in large numbers during their colonization period • Cultivated olives and grapes • Passed on their alphabet • Gave Romans artistic and cultural model through their developed art styles

  5. Etruscan Influence • Etruscans – people located north of Rome in Etruria • Greatly influenced early development of Rome • Toga • Army organization • Building projects

  6. The Roman Republic

  7. Government • In 509 BCE, the Romans overthrew the last Etruscan king and established a • Republic – a form of government in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote • Roman Confederation created to rule Italy • Full Roman citizenship to all peoples

  8. War and Conquest • Rome was surrounded by enemies at the beginning of the Republic • Engaged in almost continuous warfare over 200 years • Conquered people remained free but contributed to new government

  9. Reasons for Success • 1. The Romans were great diplomats • a person who is tactful and skillful in managing delicate situations, people, etc. • Extended Roman citizenship • 2. The Romans excelled in military matters

  10. The Roman Government

  11. Early Rome was divided into 2 groups: • Patricians • Great landowners / ruling class • Could be elected to gov’t positions • Plebeians • Larger of the two groups, included craftspeople and small farmers

  12. Unbalanced Power • The CEO of the Roman Republic were the consulsand praetors: • Two consuls ran the gov’t and led the army • The praetor was in charge of civil law

  13. The Roman Senate • Held an important position in the Republic • A select group of 300 patricians who served for life • Very influential advice that had the force of law

  14. The Struggle of the Orders • Often conflict between patricians and plebeians • By 287 BCE, all male Roman citizens were supposedly equal under the law • In reality, wealthy patrician and plebeian families formed a new senatorial ruling class that came to dominate the political offices

  15. Roman Law • Rome’s chief gifts to the Mediterranean world was the Twelve Tables (adopted in 450 BCE) • This helped the Romans developed a more sophisticated system of civil law • Some of these standards are still recognized today

  16. Rome Conquers the Mediterranean

  17. CARTHAGE • After their conquest of Italy, the Romans found themselves face to face with • Carthage, a strong Mediterranean power with an enormous trading empire just off the coast of North Africa • Largest richest state • In 264 BCE, struggled with Rome for control of the Med

  18. First Punic War • Rome’s first war with Carthage began in 264 BC and is known as the First Punic War • This was fought over control of Sicily

  19. After a long struggle, a Roman fleet defeated the Carthaginian navy off the coast of Sicily and the war came to an end. • In 241 BCE, Carthage gave up all rights to Sicily and paid a fine to the Romans

  20. Carthage vowed revenge • In response, Hannibal, the greatest of the Carthaginian generals, struck back beginning the Second Punic War

  21. The Second Punic War • Lasted from 218-201 BCE • Hannibal decided to bring the war to Italy • He entered Spain, moved east, and crossed the Alps with an army of 30-40 thousand men and 6,000 horses and elephants

  22. Rome decided to invade Carthage rather than fight Hannibal in Italy • This forced Carthage to recall Hannibal • In 202 BCE the Romans crushed Hannibal’s forces

  23. Carthage lost Spain, which became a Roman province • Rome became the dominant power in the western Med. • Carthage was destroyed in 146 BCE • Carthage became a Roman province called Africa.

  24. From Republic to Empire Chapter 5 Section 2

  25. Growing Inequality and Unrest

  26. The Senate controlled both foreign and domestic policy, and financial affairs • The Senate and political offices were increasingly controlled by a small circle of wealthy and powerful families • Many small farmers drifted to cities like Rome and formed a large class of landless poor

  27. A New Role for the Army

  28. Roman Fleet • General Marius recruited his armies in a new way • Recruited urban poor and homeless by promising them land • All volunteers swore and oath to the General • Originally the Roman army had been made up of small farmers who were landholders

  29. To get laws passed for land for Veterans, Generals got involved politics • Marius created a new system of military recruitment that placed much power in the hands of the generals

  30. The Collapse of the Republic

  31. For the next 50 years (82-31 BCE) Roman history was characterized by civil wars • Three men emerged as victors: • Crassus • Known as the richest man in Rome • Pompey • Military hero • Julius Caesar • Held a military command in Spain

  32. The combined wealth and power of these men was enormous and enabled them to dominate the political scene

  33. The First Triumvirate Pompey was given power over Spain Crassus over Syria Caesar in Gaul (Modern France) • In 60 BCE, Caesar joined w/ Crassus and Pompey to form the First Triumvirate • A triumvirateis a gov’t by three people with equal power

  34. When Crassus was killed in battle in 53 BCE, leading senators decided that Pompey should be the only ruler • They voted Caesar to lay down his command • Caesar refused

  35. Caesar marched on Rome, defeated Pompey’s forces, and was left in complete control of the gov’t • Caesar was officially made dictator in 47 BCE • A dictator is an absolute ruler

  36. Caesar gave land to the poor and increased the Senate to 900 members • This in turn weakened the power of the Senate • In 44 BCE, a group of leading senators assassinated him

  37. The Second Triumvirate

  38. A new struggle for power followed Caesar’s death • 3 men joined forces and formed the Second Triumvirate: • Octavian • Caesar’s grand-nephew • Antony • Caesar’s ally • Lepidus • Caesar’s commander of cavalry

  39. Octavian and Antony soon came into conflict • At the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, Octavian’s forces smashed the army and navy of Antony • Antony and Cleopatra Story

  40. Octavian, at the age of 32, stood supreme over the Roman world • The wars had ended and so had the republic • This period (31 BCE- 14 AD) became known as the Age of Augustus

  41. The Age of Augustus

  42. Octavian became the first Roman emperor in 27 BCE • The Senate awarded him the title Augustus–”the revered one”

  43. Name Change: • Octavian = Augustus • Augustus control of the army was the chief source of his power • The Senate gave him the title of imperator – commander and chief • Imperator gave us our word emperor

  44. The Early Empire

  45. Lasted from 14-180 AD • Augustus’s new political system allowed the emperor to select his successor from his natural or adopted family

  46. The first 4 successors came from his family • As the emperors grew more powerful, they became more corrupt • EX: Nero – had people killed if he wanted them out of the way. Eventually the legions revolted and he chose to commit suicide.

  47. Under the 5 good emperors, the powers of the emperor cont’d to expand at the expense of the Senate • They also created new programs to help the people

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