Introduction

1. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Overview Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lessons in Unit 4: Summary Quiz • Trend Toward Network Convergence • 802.1Q VLAN Standard • 802.1p Traffic Prioritization Standard • H.323 Standard for Packet Multimedia

2. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 This lesson illustrates the various aspects of converged networking, briefly describes the market forces driving converged networks, and summarizes the approaches to converged network architecture. Lesson 4 Summary Quiz • At the end of Lesson 1, you shouldbe able to: • Explain what convergence means • Explain the factors driving the need for converged networks • List the key standards that make converged networks possible • Describe the general approach to converged network architecture Key Point Convergence describes the use of a single network to support different types of electronic media.

3. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Types of Convergence Summary Quiz • The concept of convergence describes the trend toward tighter integration.

4. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Payload Summary Quiz • Payload convergence uses the same communications format to carry different data types. • Payload convergence does not prohibit a network from handling packets differently, according to their service requirements, it just describes the practice of using the same communications format for all traffic.

5. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Protocol Summary Quiz • Protocol convergence • describes the movement from multiprotocol to single protocol networks. • Converged networks are designed to support one protocol and provide the services necessary for different types of data.

6. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Physical Summary Quiz • Physical convergence occurs when payloads travel over the same physical network equipment regardless of their service requirements.

7. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Device Summary Quiz • Device convergence describes the trend to support different networking paradigms in a single network device.

8. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Application Summary Quiz • Application convergence integrates formerly separate functions into a single, multi-function application.

9. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Technology Summary Quiz • Technology convergence satisfies both local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN) requirements by using common networking technologies.

10. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Organizational Summary Quiz • Organizational convergence centralizes all: • Networking • Telecommunications • Computing services under a single authority

11. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 What is Driving Converged Networks? Summary Quiz • Several emerging forces are driving market interest in converged networks: • Cost reduction, both in capital outlay and technical support expenditures • Emerging technologies that put greater demands on networks • Greater network flexibility and functionality

12. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Cost Reduction Summary Quiz • Network convergence can potentially reduce costs by eliminating the redundant infrastructures of: • Data • Voice • Video networks

13. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Emerging Technologies Summary Quiz • The merger of data, voice, and video traffic in the home market is on the horizon.

14. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Greater Flexibility and Functionality Summary Quiz • By supporting applications that integrate voice, video, and data management, converged networks allow customers to achieve their objectives more effectively and efficiently.

15. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Network Requirements for Convergence Summary Quiz • If a network is to carry a wide variety of traffic, it must have the following capabilities: • Identification • Prioritization • QoS or class of service (CoS)

16. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Standards Summary Quiz • To provide these convergence capabilities, the following standards have been developed over the last several years and are now being implemented in products: • Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.1Q and 802.1p • International Telecommunications Union (ITU) H.323 • Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3z and 802.3ab) • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

17. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Converged Network Architecture Summary Quiz • There are many ways to implement a converged network.

18. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 A Hybrid Approach to Convergence Summary Quiz • A converged network that spans large distances, shown on the Wide Area Converged Network Diagram, has a WAN core network surrounded by LAN edge networks. Wide Area Converged Network

19. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 A Hybrid Approach to Convergence Summary Quiz • The WAN core may consist of a single technology network, such as frame relay, ATM, or the Internet. • It may consist of multiple parallel networks, some connection-oriented and some packet-switched, as shown on the WAN Core Technologies Diagram. WAN Core Technologies

20. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Parallel WAN Paths for Quality of Service Summary Quiz • An architecture that uses multiple parallel paths offers significant advantages to a converged network. • Connectionless packet-based networks, such as a large portion of the Internet, provide good service to bursty, nontime-critical traffic.

21. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Application-Level Quality of Service Summary Quiz • Converged networks may also be able to use this principle to optimize application performance, by customizing network devices on an application-by-application basis. • Before networks can guarantee QoS on a per-application basis, some important issues must be addressed, such as security, resource management, and inter-device coordination.

22. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Activities Summary Quiz 1) How has the growth of the Internet impacted the growth and usage of converged networks in the following areas? Payload convergence Protocol convergence Technology convergence Organizational convergence

23. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Activities Summary Quiz 2) Why is the move to IP networking occurring in the area of protocol convergence? 3) Why is some type of QoS needed for multimedia traffic to travel over the same physical networking infrastructure?

24. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - Trend Toward Network Convergence Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Extended Activity Summary Quiz 1) Using the Web, research the following emerging technologies mentioned in this lesson and write a paragraph describing each: a MDS b DSL c ISSLL d RTSP

25. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1 Q VLAN Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 The completion of the 802.1Q standard is significant, because it represents a firm, carefully designed specification for the construct of VLANs. Lesson 4 Summary Quiz • At the end of Lesson 2, you shouldbe able to: • Describe how an Ethernet frame is changed in an 802.1Q VLAN, and explain why the change is necessary • Explain how the 802.1Q standard provides the basic information a converged network requires • List and discuss the main advantages of a VLAN that complies with standards Key Point 802.1Q provides a standard for VLAN implementation.

26. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1 Q VLAN Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 The Importance of a VALN Standard Summary Quiz • The 802.1Q standard strictly defines procedures and protocols for establishing and maintaining VLANs.

27. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1 Q VLAN Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 The VLAN Tag Summary Quiz • The 802.1Q specification associates physical devices and ports to each defined VLAN in the network, then maps and shares those associations with other LAN stations. • The 802.1Q does this by adding a 2-byte VLAN tag, or identifier, to each frame. • The tag identifies the virtual workgroup that the frame belongs to, and includes priority and QoS information.

28. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1 Q VLAN Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 The VLAN Tag Summary Quiz • Tagging provides the necessary information for switches to communicate and create the VLAN. • With an identifier in each frame, VLAN membership, priority, and QoS are highly manageable. • The 802.1Q VLAN Tag Format Diagram illustrates this concept. 802.1Q VLAN Tag Format

29. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1 Q VLAN Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 802.1Q as an Architecture Summary Quiz • The architecture of 802.1Q specifies three levels of operation: • Relay, or forwarding of frames, based on the 2-byte VLAN tag • Explicit sharing of VLAN information and exchange of topology information • Uniform VLAN management and flexible VLAN configuration

30. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1 Q VLAN Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 802.1Q Protocols Summary Quiz • 802.1Q frame tagging is key to uniform sharing of VLAN information among switches in the network. • The standard uses several specialized protocols to do this are: • Generic Attribute Registration Protocol (GARP) • GARP VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP) • GARP Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP) • Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

31. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1 Q VLAN Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 The Promise of 802.1Q Summary Quiz • By bringing switched networks into compliance with 802.1Q, network administrators can transform their VLANs into longer-lived and more valuable business tools.

32. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1 Q VLAN Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Activities Summary Quiz 1) Describe how the 802.1Q standard provides for a “vendor-neutral” VLAN solution. 2) Research GVRP. Write a short description of the protocol and how it is used in a VLAN environment. 3) Describe how a vendor-neutral approach to VLANs is much more attractive to an organization than a proprietary approach.

33. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1 Q VLAN Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Extended Activities Summary Quiz 1) Visit the IEEE 802.1Q Web site at http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/index.html and summarize your findings. 2) Describe the differences between how the following protocols prioritize time-sensitive network traffic: a ATM b 10-Mbps Ethernet without 802.1P and 802.1Q c 10-Mbps Ethernet with 802.1P and 802.1Q d Frame relay

34. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1p Traffic Prioritization Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 802.1p supports priority transmission of time-critical information in a LAN environment. Lesson 4 Summary Quiz • At the end of Lesson 3, you shouldbe able to: • Explain how the 802.1p and 802.1Q standards work together • Name the main hardware requirement for 802.1p traffic prioritization, and explain why it is necessary • Describe a situation in which a frame’s 802.1p priority must be converted to another QoS value Key Point 802.1p uses part of the 802.1Q VLAN tag to prioritize LAN traffic.

35. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1p Traffic Prioritization Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Priority Tags and Traffic Classes Summary Quiz • The 802.1p standard recommends use of 802.1Q VLAN tags for Ethernet frames. • These VLAN tags are 2-byte headers that identify each frame’s VLAN, type of traffic, and priority. As we can see in the 802.1Q VLAN Tag Diagram, 3 bits of the tag identify the priority level of each frame. 802.1Q VLAN Tag

36. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1p Traffic Prioritization Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Priority Tags and Traffic Classes Summary Quiz • These traffic classes, and their associated traffic types, are listed in the 802.1p Traffic Classes Table. Tag Value (Binary) Traffic Class (Priority) Traffic Types 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 111 110 101 100 011 010 001 000 Network control Interactive voice Interactive multimedia Controlled load applications(Streaming multimedia) Excellent effort Spare Background Best Effort (default)

37. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1p Traffic Prioritization Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 How 802.1p Prioritizes Traffic Summary Quiz • Traffic prioritization policies are centrally configured and administered through management software. • After a tagged frame is transmitted onto a network, 802.1p-compliant switches recognize the traffic class value and forward the frame according to its priority.

38. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1p Traffic Prioritization Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Mapping 802.1p Traffic Prioritization to IP and ATM Networks Summary Quiz • ATM, with its connection-oriented technology, offers the ultimate in traffic prioritization and guaranteed QoS. • To prioritize mission-critical and time-sensitive traffic across these backbone networks and WANs, 802.1p traffic classes must be converted to the corresponding IP or ATM CoS.

39. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1p Traffic Prioritization Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Activities Summary Quiz 1) Draw an Ethernet frame with the following addresses and identifiers in the header: Destination address: 11 11 11 11 11 11 Source address: 22 22 22 22 22 22 Protocol Identifier: 33 33 Tag: A0 01 Ethernet Type: 00 06

40. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - 802.1p Traffic Prioritization Standard Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Activities Summary Quiz 2) What is the priority of this frame? 3) Based on the frame priority, what is the type of traffic inside the frame? 4) What is the VLAN identifier?

41. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - H.323 Standard for Packet Multimedia Lesson 2 Lesson 3 H.323 is part of a family of International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T) recommendations that provides multimedia communication services over a variety of networks. Lesson 4 Summary Quiz • At the end of Lesson 4, you shouldbe able to: • Describe the different versions of the H.323 standard • List the H.32x family of recommendations • Name the components used in an H.323 network • Name the protocols and associated layers in the H.323 Key Point H.323 provides for multimedia transmission over packet-based networks.

42. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - H.323 Standard for Packet Multimedia Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Overview of the H.323 Standard Summary Quiz • The H.323 standard specifies the components, protocols, and procedures for transmitting real-time audio, video, and data communications over packet-based networks. • H.323 can be applied in a variety of ways: • Audio only (IP telephony) • Audio and video (videotelephony) • Audio and data • Audio, video, and data • Multipoint-multimedia communications

43. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - H.323 Standard for Packet Multimedia Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Version 1: Videophone Summary Quiz • Version 1 of the H.323 standard was accepted in October 1996. • It defined visual telephone systems and equipment for LANs that provide a nonguaranteed QoS.

44. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - H.323 Standard for Packet Multimedia Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Version 2: Packet-Based Multimedia Summary Quiz • VoIP introduced new requirements, such as providing communication between a personal computer (PC)-based telephone and a telephone on the switched circuit network (SCN) of the public telephone system. • Version 2 of H.323 accommodated these additional requirements, and was accepted in January 1998.

45. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - H.323 Standard for Packet Multimedia Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Version 3: Under Development Summary Quiz • New features are currently being added to the H.323 standard, which will evolve to Version 3 shortly. • The features being added include fax-over-packet networks, gatekeeper-to-gatekeeper communications, and fast-connection mechanisms.

46. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - H.323 Standard for Packet Multimedia Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Other Standards of the H.32x Family Summary Quiz • The H.323 standard is part of the H.32x family of recommendations specified by ITU–T. • The other recommendations of the family specify multimedia communication services over different networks: • H.324 • H.320 • H.321 and H.310 • H.322

47. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - H.323 Standard for Packet Multimedia Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Components of an H.323 Network Summary Quiz • The H.323 standard specifies four kinds of components: • Terminals • Multipoint control units (MCUs) • Gateways • Gatekeepers

48. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - H.323 Standard for Packet Multimedia Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Terminals Summary Quiz • Used for real-time bidirectional multimedia communications, an H.323 terminal can either be a PC or a stand-alone device running an H.323 protocol stack and the desired multimedia applications. • H.323 terminals are compatible with terminals that comply with the other members of the H.32x family of standards.

49. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - H.323 Standard for Packet Multimedia Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Multipoint Control Units (MCUs) Summary Quiz • MCUs coordinate multipoint conferences of three or more H.323 terminals. • The MCU: • manages conference resources • negotiates between terminals to choose the audio or video coder/decoder (codec) to use • may handle the media stream

50. Introduction Lesson 1 Standards for Convergence - H.323 Standard for Packet Multimedia Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Gateways Summary Quiz • Gateways convert the format of a voice signal between packet-switched and circuit-switched transmission. • The gateway converts packetized voice to a format that can be accepted by the PSTN. • A gateway can also convert each format to the other; thus, these devices are often called transcoding gateways. • Gateways also pass telephone signaling information, including dial tone.