International Conference EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES AND HUMAN RIGHTS 25-26 October 2007

1. International Conference EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES AND HUMAN RIGHTS25-26 October 2007 Research by,for and about women EU policies for gender equality in Science and Research Maria STRATIGAKI, Centre for Gender Studies Panteion University, Athens

2. Outline of the presentation • The context -Gender Equality in the EU • Gender Equality in the EU Research Policy • Outcome • Reports • Gender Mainstreaming in FP5, FP6 • Gender gaps • Gendered scientists • Gendered structures-mechanisms • EU Research Policies • FP7 - ERC

3. Gender equality in the EU • Favourable political environment in the 1990s • EU gender equality policies 1991-1995 • women in decision making • gender mainstreaming – Dual approach • UN Women’s Conference in Beijing (1995) • EU promoting gender mainstreaming • Enlargement (Sweden, Finland) 1995 • More women: • in the Parliament (1994) appr.30% • in the Commission (1995) (5 women among 20) • Strong impact of the European Women’s Lobby

4. The EC Treaty (Amsterdam) 1997 • Art.2 and 3 ..to promote ..equality between women and men … in all activities, including research and technological development.. • Art. 13 .. Combat discrimination based on sex… • Art. 137 .. Equality between men and women with regard to labour market opportunities .. • Art. 141 .. Equal pay for male and female workers..

5. Gender equality in the EU Research Policy • A woman Commissioner for Research • Edith Cresson (1995-1999) – lobbied by French women’s organisations • Support by women MEPs • Eryl Margaret McNally, socialist coordinator of the EP Committee on research • Committed Commission staff • Nicole Dewandre • Specific Unit “women and science” in DG RECH • Increase EU Research budget

6. Outcome in 1999 • Commission Communication “Mobilising Women to enrich European Research” • “Women and Science” Action Plan • Target of 40% in EU Committees, evaluation panels etc) • Science/research by, for, about women • Council Resolution and EP resolution (2000) on Women in Science

7. Reports and fora • The ETAN report (1999) • Science policies in the EU: Promoting excellence through mainstreaming gender equality • The Helsinki Group • Gender mainstreaming national research policies • Reports • National Policies on Women in Science • ENWISE Report (eastern countries) • Women in research in industry • WIRDEM (women in decision making in research)

8. Gender mainstreaming EU FPs • FP 5 (1998-2001) • Women’s participation: • 18% of project coordinators (FR4 below 10%) • 16% in the date base of evaluators • 23% of evaluators • 40% in Marie Curie Fellowships • Gender impact assessments in all programmes

9. FP6 (2002-2006) • Gender action plans in all research projects (Vademecum) • Women’s Participation • 32% Evaluation panels • 29%-31% Advisory Groups/Programme Committees • 24% Expert databases • Research on gender in science • Study “gender and excellence” • She Figures. Statistics and Indicators2003, 2006 • The European Platform of Women Scientists

10. There are..still.. gaps Relative share of women & men in a typical academic careerEU-25, headcount, all fields of science, 1999 and 2004 Definitions: Grade A - The single highest grade/post at which research is normally conducted, Grade B - Researchers working in positions not as senior as top position (A) but more senior than the newly qualified PhD holders, Grade C - The first grade/post into which a newly qualified PhD (ISCED6) graduate would normally be recruited ISCED 6 – Advanced higher education programmes (PhD) ISCED 5A – Basic higher education programmes (Bachelors and Masters) leading to access to advanced university studies (PhD)

11. Relative share of women & men in a typical academic careerEU-25, headcount, nat.science and eng. fields, 1999 & 2003

12. Gendered research, science and technology • The making of gendered scientists • “preferences” • study patterns • career opportunities • Family/ work priorities • Hard sciences vs soft sciences • Technology vs humanities

13. Gendered research • The making of gendered scientific structures/ processes /cultures • Research Institutions • Operation and budgeting • Research evaluation systems • Academia • Career patterns • Research funding • Faculty recognition

14. EU research policy. The three tracks! • Research/science by women • gender balance in participation in all levels of R&D (scientists, policy makers) • Research/science for women/gender equality • excellence in research, gender informed results, transformation of research methods/approches • Research/science about women/gender • specific knowledge, gender research topics

15. Prerequisites • Political will • Global gender equality approach • not only economic priorities • Mechanisms at EU and national level • Specific Budget allocation in FPs • Gender impact assessments • Transnational advocacy networks

16. Gender/women in the FP7 2007-2013 • “New” challenges and “New” risks • The enlarged European Research Area • Women in Science in the Eastern Europe • The European Research Council (ERC) • Funding individuals • Diversity • Ex. “Unit: Scientific culture and gender questions” • Human resources approach • Weak women’s movement

17. RESULTS OF ERC Proposals(1.10.2007) a new glass ceiling? • Evaluated Proposals: 8794 • Percentage of women: 30% • PE2 (16%) - SH4 (50%) • Selected proposals : 559 • Percentage of women: 24% • PE2 (8%) – SH4 (64%)