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UNIT 5: PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION

UNIT 5: PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION. ENERGY AND LIFE. Living things depend on energy Sun is source of most energy 2 types of organisms, AUTOTROPHS make their own food (Ex: plants, bacteria*, protists*) HETEROTROPHS get energy from the foods they consume (animals, fungi).

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UNIT 5: PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION

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  1. UNIT 5: PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION

  2. ENERGY AND LIFE • Living things depend on energy • Sun is source of most energy • 2 types of organisms, • AUTOTROPHS make their own food (Ex: plants, bacteria*, protists*) • HETEROTROPHSget energy from the foods they consume (animals, fungi)

  3. KEY CONCEPT: PHOTOSYNTHESISThe overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy.

  4. Photosynthetic organisms are producers. • Plants use photosynthesis and are producers/(autotrophs.) • Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

  5. Research On Photosynthesis • VAN HELMONT- determined in the 1600’s that plants grew because of water. • PRIESTLEY- found that plants release oxygen. • JAN INGENHOUSZ- found aquatic plants produce oxygen bubbles in the light, therefore plants need sunlight to produce oxygen

  6. AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Plants use the energy of sunlight to • convert water & carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates (sugar) • oxygen is a waste product. light 6H2O + 6CO2→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 ReactantsProducts

  7. What Else Does The Photosynthesizer Need? • Chlorophyll- a chemical pigment that traps the energy of the sun and converts it to chemical energy

  8. Capturing Light Energy • White light= ROY G BIV • Chlorophyll captures (absorbs) energy at the ends of the spectrum (red/orange & blue/violet) • What you see is the wavelengths that are reflected. (green)

  9. Where Photosynthesis Occurs • In the chloroplast

  10. chloroplast leaf cell leaf Where Photosynthesis Occurs • Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy. • In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts.

  11. granum (stack of thylakoids) 1 chloroplast sunlight 6H2O 6O2 2 energy thylakoid stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids) 6CO2 1 six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 3 4 Photosynthesis is Many Reactions • The equation for the overall process is: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  12. FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Amount of Water • Amount of CO2 • Temperature • Intensity of Light • Wavelength of light

  13. Cellular Respiration KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP (energy) using oxygen.

  14. CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ATP • All living things use chemical energy • A chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy is ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE). • ATP is like a fully charged battery ready to power the machinery of a cell. • ATP powers many cellular activities Ex: • active transport across cell membranes, • protein synthesis • muscle contraction.

  15. Cellular Respiration mitochondrion animal cell • Cellular respiration makes ATP (energy) by breaking down sugars. • Cellular respiration is aerobic, or “requires oxygen.” • Cell respiration takes place in mitochondria.

  16. Cellular Respiration 1 ATP mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) and 6CO 2 energy 2 Electron Transport 3 energy from glycolysis ATP inner membrane and and 6H O 6O 2 2 4 • The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP (energy.) • oxygen enters process • PRODUCT • ATP • WASTE PRODUCTS: • Water • Carbon dioxide

  17. Cellular Respiration • The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration. • The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O

  18. ATP synthase (don’t copy) • Is an enzyme (“-ase” ending is a hint) • Is a membrane protein. • It is a protein pump that allows H+ ions to pass thru the cell membrane • This is necessary for the formation of ATP

  19. Quick Review of Organic Molecules in Living Things • Carbohydrates (sugars, starches, etc.) • Proteins • Lipids (mainly fats) • Nucleic acids (ATP, NADP, RNA, DNA)

  20. Cellular Respiration • Cells do not “burn” glucose, instead they slowly release energy from glucose • They do this in many small steps- • WHY? If all the energy was released once, it would be too much for the cell and it would be destroyed!

  21. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION • When O2 is not present, a process called FERMENTATION takes place. • FERMENTATION releases a small amount of ATP (energy) from sugar.

  22. 2 Types of Fermentation • ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION • produces carbon dioxide and alcohol. • This type of fermentation causes bread dough to rise. .

  23. 2 Types of Fermentation, cont. 2. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION • is produced in your muscles during rapid exercise when the body can’t get enough oxygen to the tissues. • With rapid exercise your muscles run out of oxygen. Your muscle cells rapidly begin to produce ATP by LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

  24. Fermentation • Also occurs in the CYTOPLASM

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