Intro to Biology

1. Intro to Biology Scientific Method, Language of Science, Procedure Writing, and more Emma Journey, Hannah Myers, Christine Park, Kai Czarnowski, Diane Kang Period 2

2. Scientific Method • Science is ultimately based on observation. • Observations lead to questions, which lead to experiments, which lead to answers, which lead to more observations and more questions. • It’s a never ending process.

3. Scientific Method • The steps of the Scientific Method are as follows: • Observe: Look for a problem, pose a question. • Hypothesis: An educated guess, based on research and observations. • Experiment: Test your hypothesis by performing controlled experiments/ further observations. • Analysis: Interpret the data and then represent it in a graph • Conclusion: Share your findings (write a conclusion).

4. Language of Science • The language of science is used by scientists instead of common words. There are several prefixes and suffixes used in the language of science. • Sometimes, the order of the suffixes and prefixes may not seem right, but don’t worry about it; as long as the general idea is still discernable. • Even though you may not always find every single part of a word in the prefixes and suffixes, the parts that you can find should give you a good idea on the meaning of the word. • There might be a extra letters in between suffixes (like o, i, and a) • Sometimes, parts of words can be both suffixes and prefixes, so make sure you know both lists.

5. Arthropod: jointedfoot Echinoderm: spinyskin Biology: study of life

6. Procedure Writing • Writing clear cut, easy-to-understand instructions are crucial in procedure writing. • Including pictures in procedures are useful to help people gauge what they should be doing. • Fanciful and fluffy writing is not always helpful. Being straight to the point, concise, and simple is the key to successful procedure writing.

7. Chapter 1 Overview • Vocabulary: • Science: An organized use of evidence • Observation: gathering information • Hypothesis: A testable statement that can be shown to be true or false by experimentation/ observation.

8. Chapter 1 Overview • Experimental Group: Receives some kind of treatment or condition (independent variable). • Independent Variable: The treatment or factor that is changed. • Dependent Variable: The variable that is being observed and affected by the independent variable. • Control Group: Receives no treatment, and is used to compare results with the experimental group.

9. Chapter 1 Overview • Data: The results of an experiment. It can be displayed in a graph. • Qualitative: Describes data in qualities • Quantitative: Describing data in numbers • Theory: A well-tested hypothesis that unifies a broad range of observations.

10. Chapter 1 Overview • Characteristics of Living Things: • Living things are based on a universal genetic code • All living organisms store the complex information they need to live, grow, and reproduce in a genetic code written in a molecule called DNA. • Living thing are made up of cells • A cell is the smallest unit of a living organism that can be considered alive, so many living cells make up a living organism.

11. Chapter 1 Overview • Living things maintain a stable internal environment • Although conditions outside a living organism may change, living things need to employ homeostasis, keeping their bodies as constant as possible. • Taken as a group, living things change over time (evolve) • The basic traits living things inherit from their parents usually do not change. However, over long lengths of time, groups of living things typically evolve.

12. Chapter 1 Overview • Living things grow and develop • Every organism has a particular pattern of growth and development. During development, fertilized eggs divide; these dividing cells undergo differentiation • Living things respond to their environment • Organisms detect and respond o changes/ stimuli from their environment

13. Chapter 1 Overview • Living things reproduce • All organisms reproduce. Usually, most living things participate in sexual reproduction, but other organisms may reproduce asexually. • Living things obtain material and energy • All organisms must take in materials and energy in order to grow, develop, and reproduce. Metabolism is the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials.

14. Tools of the Trade • Compound Microscope: • The objective lenses range from 4x (red), 10x (yellow), 40x (blue), and 100x (black). • The coarse adjustment knob moves the stage up and down for large adjustments in focus • The fine adjustment knob moves the stage slightly for small adjustments in focus. • For cleanup, the lowest objective lenses must be “set” towards the stage, the stage must be rolled all the way to the top, and the headpiece must be turned away. Carry the microscope by the arm.

15. Tools of the Trade • Metric System • K H D ∙ D C M • Kilo-, Hecto-, deca-, unit, deci-, centi-, milli-

16. Review Questions • What does arthropod mean? • A. jointed foot • B. study of feet • C. study of humans • D. fake foot

17. What are the 5 steps of the scientific method? • A. observation, hypothesis, experiment, data, conclusion • B. procedure, hypothesis, experiment, data, conclusion • C. Hypothesis, experiment, data, conclusion, define variables • D. Define variables, procedure, hypothesis, data, conclusion

18. What are two prefixes that mean above or on? • A. epi-, hypo- • B. hyper-, inter- • C. hypo-, hyper- • D. super-/sur, epi-

19. Define the experimental variable • A. an outline of what is being experimented • B. focus of the experiment • C. the variable being altered, whether it be by treatment or factor • D. the variable not being altered in the experiment

20. Define hypothesis • A. the purpose/reason the experiment is being performed • B. a testable statement that can be proven as true or false • C. the procedure of the experiment • D. the variable not being altered in an experiment

21. Identify the control variable • a. Type of food give to hippo • b. Amount of food • c. Both a and b • d. None of the above

22. Choose the correct definition and example that match the word. • a. Qualitative data-expressed as numbers obtained by counting or measuring-the scar appears old • b. Qualitative data- descriptive and involve characteristics that can’t usually be counted-4 cm scar on the cat’s back • c. Quantitative data-expressed as numbers obtained by counting or measuring-4cm scar on the cat’s back • d. Quantitative data- descriptive and involve characteristics that can’t usually be counted-the scar appears old

23. What are the 5 steps to a conclusion paragraph in lab reports? • a. hypothesis and data table • b. controlled variable, independent variable, and dependent variable • c. purpose, major findings stated, revisit hypothesis, suggest improvements to lab procedure, and figure out the controlled variable • d. purpose restated, major findings stated,revisit hypothesis, suggest improvements to lab procedure, and suggest extension to lab

24. How many meters in 15 kilometers? • a.1500 • b.1.5 • c. 0.5 • d. 15,000

25. What are the 4 magnification levels of the objective lenses? • a. x10,x100,x500, x1000 • b. x4,x10,x40, x100 • c. x10,x50,x100, x1000 • d. x4,x100,x200, x500

26. Review Answers • A • A • D • C • B • A • C • D • D • B