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The Cold War

The Cold War. Communism vs Capitalism USSR vs US Us vs Them. Chapter 22 Sec. 1. The Cold War Chapter 22 Sec. 1 . Era of confrontation & competition between the Soviet & US from 1946 to 1990. The roots of the Cold War can be found in the period just before the end of WWII.

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The Cold War

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  1. The Cold War Communism vs Capitalism USSR vs US Us vs Them Chapter 22 Sec. 1

  2. The Cold War Chapter 22 Sec. 1 Era of confrontation & competition between the Soviet & US from 1946 to 1990. The roots of the Cold War can be found in the period just before the end of WWII. TWO Differing Goals: The United State’s Goals- Democracy, free enterprise & economic growth would lead to peaceful future in post war world. The Soviet Union’s Goals: keep Germany weak economically & militarily, communism was superior to capitalism= spread communism.

  3. Map of Europe AFTER World War II

  4. YALTA CONFERENCE, 1945: FDR, CHURCHILL AND STALIN MET TO DISCUSS THE FUTURE OF EUROPE AFTER THE WAR.

  5. *The Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) • FDR (BEFORE HE DIED), STALIN, & CHURCHILL • PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CAUSING THE COLD WAR • Soviets were setting up communist governments in Europe as they moved through. • Poland- two rival governments claimed the right to govern Poland- one communist the other –non-communist. • Agreement- FDR & Churchill agreed to recognize communist government set up by the Soviets; Stalin agreed to allow free elections later (never happened) • Declaration of Liberated Europe- Big three agreed that people in Europe had the right to form governments & democracy. • Germany- the Big Three agreed to divide Germany into 4 zones controlled by : Britain, France, US, & Soviets. • Berlin also divided into 4 zones • Stalin insisted that Germany pay heavy war reparations • FDR got Stalin to accept German goods instead of cash

  6. Division of Germany after World War II

  7. POTSDAM CONFERENCE, JULY 1945 CHURCHILL, TRUMAN, AND STALIN DECIDE HOW TO DEAL WITH GERMANY AND JAPAN

  8. * The Potsdam Conference (July 1945) • FDR died; 1st meeting between President Truman, Stalin, Churchill • War was still raging against Japan at this point • Stalin wants to keep Germany weak; Truman distrustful of Stalin-won’t appease him. Agreement- • Stalin agreed to accept small amount of industrial equipment from US, British, & French zones instead of cash. • Soviets had to pay for part of it with food shipments from the Soviet zone to Western Germany. • Truman agreed to accept new German-Polish border * Truman hinted that the US had developed a new powerful weapon (atomic bomb).

  9. Behind the ‘Iron Curtain” • Soviets established communist government in Romania & did not allow non-communist to serve in government in Poland. • *“Satellite nations”- communist countries of Eastern Europe controlled by USSR. • 1946- Winston Churchill gave a speech in Fulton, Missouri– “an iron curtain has fallen across Eastern Europe”. • *“Iron Curtain”- area separating free Europe from communist area of Eastern Europe & Soviet Union.

  10. Churchill giving his “iron curtain” speech in March of 1946 at Fulton Missouri "A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victories. . . . From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.” Churchill’s main points were that there should be a US/UK agreement within the framework of the U.N. to resist and deter any disturbances to world peace and that Stalin wants "not war but the fruits of war”, and if the allies stay strong and united they can counter any Soviet threat

  11. UNITED NATIONS MEETS FOR THE FIRST TIME, 1945

  12. The Long Telegram Chapter 22 Sec. 2 • *George Kennan • American Ambassador to USSR • *Long Telegram: 5,540 word explanation of what he believed were Soviet goals • Proposed long term *CONTAINMENT of Communism • *Containment – keeping Communism within its present territory • *Containment will be US policy during the Cold War for 40 years!!

  13. IRAN WAS THE SITE OF THE FIRST DISPUTE OF THE COLD WAR IN 1945-46

  14. Iran Crisis • After WWII- US & USSR jointly occupied Iran • US withdrew– USSR refused to withdraw & supported a communist government in North Iran (wanted access to oil). • Truman’s Actions: • Sent strong message to Soviets to withdraw • Sent USS Missouri to eastern Mediterranean Result- Soviet’s withdrew with promise of a Iranian-Soviet oil company.

  15. BOTH GREECE AND TURKEY FACED COMMUNIST REVOLTS IN 1947 AND ASKED THE U.S. FOR AID TO DEFEND THEMSELVES FROM COMMUNIST TAKEOVERS FIGHTING AGAINST COMMUNISTS IN GREECE

  16. What plan said the US would be the only influence in the Western Hemisphere? • The Roosevelt Corollary • The Quadruple Alliance • The Monroe Doctrine • The Platt Amendment

  17. The Truman Doctrine • Truman’s policy on fighting Soviet aggression around the world • Asked Congress for $400 million to fight communists in Turkey & Greece. • Truman pledged to help people fighting against communism with money & supplies. “To aid free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.”

  18. The Marshall Plan • 1947 George Marshall – Secretary of State • European recovery plan • American aid to rebuild Europe after WWII- US sent billions of dollars to help western Europe recover. • Necessary to fight Communism

  19. GERMAN CITY OF HAMBURG IN 1947 BEFORE THE MARSHALL PLAN EFFECTS OF THE MARSHALL PLAN HAMBURG, 1952, AFTER THE MARSHALL PLAN

  20. The Berlin Crisis • 1948- US, Britain, France announce that they will merge their 3 zones & allow Germany to set up a government. • Make West Berlin part of new Germany • June 1948- USSR cut all rail, road traffic to West Berlin

  21. The Berlin Airlift • Truman ordered an airlift of supplies to West Berliners • 11 months (2 million tons of supplies) • Also sent bombers with atomic weapons to Britain just in case

  22. IN MAY OF 1949 THE RUSSIANS ENDED THE BERLIN BLOCKADE

  23. Alliances are Made • **NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Mutual defense alliance • *Warsaw Pact • Soviet Union’s response to West Germany joining NATO • An organized military alliance in Eastern Europe

  24. EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS TAKEN OVER BY THE USSR AFTER WW II YUGOSLAVIA, WHILE COMMUNIST, REMAINED INDEPENDENT

  25. IN OCTOBER 1947 THE UN AUTHORIZED THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL WITH BOTH THE US AND USSR VOTING IN FAVOR. ON MAY 14TH 1948 ISRAEL DECLARED ITS INDEPENDENCE AND FIVE ARAB STATES IMMEDIATELY INVADED WITH THE GOAL OF DESTROYING THE NEWLY CREATED JEWISH STATE. THEY WERE DEFEATED BY ISRAEL MUFTI AND HITLER DURING THE WW II The Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin Al Husseini stated, “I declare a holy war, my Moslem brothers! Murder the Jews! Murder them all!"

  26. THE CONFLICT BETWEEN ARABS AND ISRAELIS IS AN ONGOING THEME IN THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE US DURING THE COLD WAR AND BEYOND. BECAUSE OF THE 1948 ARAB ISRAELI WAR SOME 500,000 ARABS FLED ISRAEL AND MANY REMAIN REFUGEES TODAY HOPING TO RETURN TO THEIR FORMER HOMES. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT AS MANY AS 800,000 JEWS WERE FORCED TO LEAVE ARAB COUNTRIES DURING THE 1940’S AND 50’S. MOST OF THESE REFUGEES WERE ABSORBED INTO ISRAEL.

  27. Cold War in East Asia • Chinese Revolution • 1949 Communists • Mao Zedong • US sent aid to Nationalist government who were defeated & fled to Taiwan • Shocked America • 1949 – Soviets test their first Atomic Bomb • Sino-Soviet Pact • 1950 • China & USSR • Changed US policy towards Japan • Encouraged more rapid recovery

  28. President Truman approves the development of the hydrogen bomb. This new type of nuclear weapon is at least 100 times more powerful than the atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945. THE FIRST US HYDROGEN BOMB WAS EXPLODED IN NOVEMBER OF1952. THE USSR EXPLODED ONE IN 1953.

  29. The Korean War 1950-1953 • 38th parallel • Communist in the North • Democracy in the South • June 25, 1950--North Korea invaded South Korea • Test of Containment • US got UN to send multinational force led by US

  30. Pusan Perimeter North Koreans pushed the South Korean and U.N. armies all the way to Pusan in the south

  31. GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR WAS PUT IN OVERALL COMMAND OF UNITED NATIONS FORCES Macarthur made a brilliant Invasion at Inchon which pushed the North Koreans back over the border China then invaded & pushed the UN army back to the 38th parallel

  32. THE WAR IN KOREA TURNED INTO A STALEMATE RESEMBLING WORLD WAR I TRENCH WARFARE.

  33. Korean War • Truman fired Gen. McArthur- MacArthur wanted to attack China (criticized president openly) • *Limited War • Truman remained committed to a limited objective of containing communism • **Important turning point in Cold War • Created the need for the US to begin a massive military build up

  34. End of the Korean War 1951- peace negotiations began Armistice signed July 1953 (President Eisenhower)-hinted use of bomb against China 33,600 US soldiers died Changes: Led to US military buildup

  35. The Red Scare Chapter 22 Section 3 • Fear that Communists were secretly working to subvert the American government • Sept. 1945- Soviet Igor Gouzenko defected to Canada; carried documents that Soviet spies were trying to infiltrate US & Canada • Subversion • The effort to secretly weaken a society & overthrow its government • J. Edgar Hoover • FBI Director Loyalty Review Program (1947-1951) • US Government screened all federal employees for Communist leanings. • 6 million US federal employees screened • 14,000 investigated by FBI • 2,000 quit their jobs • 212 were fired for “questionable" loyalty

  36. The House Un-American ActivitiesCommittee (HUAC) Formed in1938 to investigate Communists & Fascists in the US. The Committee investigated communists & those who “sympathized” with them. Richard Nixon - member of the committee (1948-1949) Hollywood on Trial- HUAC questioned people in the movie industry about communist activities. “The Hollywood Ten”- used 5th Amendment to refuse to testify. Blacklists- people who refused to cooperate were denied jobs. Alger Hiss (former member of FDR’s staff)- accused of being a communist by (Whittaker Chambers). Hiss denied being a communist Pumpkin Papers- seemed to prove that Hiss had lied Hiss was found guilty of perjury

  37. Subverts • Whittaker Chambers • Admitted he was a Communist & claimed there were other government officials • Alger Hiss • Government official named by Chambers • Pumpkin Papers • Convicted of perjury

  38. Julius & Ethel Rosenberg • 1950- Government charged them with spying • NY couple-members of Communist Party • Convicted & put to death (1953) • Divided the country

  39. Project Venona • 1946-1995 • Cryptographers cracked the Soviet spy code (1946) • Found many spies in the US • American public didn’t know until 1995 • Proved Rosenberg's were guilty

  40. Joseph McCarthy • Claimed to have the names of 205 Communists in the government (State Department) • Charged Secretary of State Dean Acheson & Army Chief of Staff George Marshall • *McCarthyism-tactic of damaging reputations using vague unfounded charges

  41. McCarthyism • (1950)McCarranInternal Security Act • Made it illegal to conspire or perform any act with a person contributing to a totalitarian government • Required all Communist organizations & party members to register with the Attorney General • 1954-Army-McCarthyHearings • Televised hearings • McCarthy seen bullying witnesses in the Army • *Caused his support to fade • Senate voted censure of McCarthy

  42. Living with the Bomb • Duck & Cover • Protection from the blast • Fallout shelters • Built in backyards to protect from fallout • Fallout • Radiation left over after a blast • Cold War Nightmares • Movies • Enjoyed a time of prosperity

  43. Fallout Shelters

  44. Dwight D. Eisenhower1953 – 1961Pledged to end Korean War Chapter 23 Section 4

  45. Election of 1952 Truman will not run again: Foreign Policy not working, USSR had the bomb, China fallen to communism, US troops in Korea. Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson Republicans nominated Dwight D.Eisenhower • *Eisenhower promised to go to Korea to force an end to the war if elected. • Dec. 1953- armistice signed

  46. ‘More Bang for the Buck’ • Believed key to winning Cold war was a strong economy • Conventional war cost too much – using atomic weapons gave the US ‘more bang for the buck’ • *Massive Retaliation • The best way to prevent a conventional war was to threaten with nuclear weapons

  47. Brinkmanship • Critics of Eisenhower’s Massive Retaliation called his willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side down= “brinkmanship” • Secretary of State John Dulles- major player in US policy in 1950’s.

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