Photo by Jim Stipe for CRS.

1. Introduction to Integral Human DevelopmentCatholic University - September 2013 M.A. Integral Economic Development ManagementM.A. Integral Economic Development Policy Presented by David Leege, PhD Photo by Jim Stipe for CRS.

2. Catholic Relief Services (CRS) • CRS is the official overseas relief and development agency of the U.S. Catholic Conference of Bishops (USCCB). • CRS implements relief and development programs with local partners in over 90 countries around the world. • Core areas in which CRS works: agriculture, education, emergency, health, HIV, microfinance, peacebuilding, water/sanitation • Annual budget of $600 million with global staff of 5,000. Worldwide HQ in Baltimore.

3. Integral Human Development: Definition IntegralHuman Development promotes the good of everyperson and the wholeperson; itis cultural, economic, political, social and spiritual.

4. Where does IHD come from? • IHD comes from Catholic social teaching and CRS Guiding Principles. • It also builds on sustainable livelihoods and household livelihood security approaches used by DfID, CARE, Oxfam and others. • It is a universal concept, and essential for sustainable development.

5. Pope Paul VI: PopulorumProgressio • “Development cannot be limited to mere economic growth.... It must be complete: integral.... It has to promote the good of every person and the whole person.” • “Genuine development is integral; it has moral and spiritual dimensions as well as political, cultural and economic.” • There are stages that lead to integral development. One stage is “increased esteem for the dignity of others, ... cooperation for the common good, the will and desire for peace.”

6. Summary: IHD’s 3 Key Features Holistic: it is not just economic development that matters, it is the integral development of the whole person Solidarity: IHD promotes the rights and responsibilities of each and every person, and of every person to one another Justice and Peace: IHD can only be fully realized in a context of a just and peaceful society that respects the human dignity of every person, the sacredness of life, and the integrity of creation.

7. Why an IHD Framework? • The ability of the poor to meet their basic needs is affected by many factors at multiple levels. • Analyzing the links between these factors and levels is crucial to understand the lives of the poor. • The IHD framework allows one to look holistically at the complexity of poverty, vulnerability and resilience.

9. Assets – What Are They? • Somethingtangible or intangiblethat you own, have a claim to, or have steady access to. Other approaches use similar terms: assets = capital = capabilities. • The more assets you have, the wealthier you are, and • Greater diversity of assets reduces vulnerability to shocks

10. Assets: Six Broad Categoriesthat Build on each other Spiritual & Human Social Physical Natural Political Financial

11. Financial Assets Cash, livestock, crops, gold, jewelry, income from a job, transfers Photos by David Leege for CRS.

12. Natural Assets Water, trees, soil, land, pastureland, sea, minerals Photos by David Leege for CRS.

13. Physical Assets House, equipment, tools, means of transport, fencing, sheds, silos, wells Photos by David Leege for CRS.

14. Spiritual & Human Assets Health, education, skills, wisdom, strength, faith Photos by David Leege for CRS.

15. Social Assets • Includes: • Kinships, family and friends • Social systems, cultures and norms • Involvement in community organizations • People’s support networks, safety nets • Often affected by gender, age and social status, group membership Intangible – relationships with people, institutions. Photos by David Leege for CRS.

16. Political Assets • Power in the community & household • Ability to claim rights and influence decisions • Capacity to advocate for resources, change Photos by David Leege for CRS.

18. What Are Structures & Systems? • Structures: Organizations and institutions that organize and regulate the way people live, affect what they do, and how they do it (i.e. judicial courts). • Systems: Values, attitudes and policies that regulate and influence people’s behavior and relationships (i.e. laws or religious beliefs).

19. Private Sector Shops Markets Factories & corporations Public Sector Political (legislative bodies at various levels from local to national) Government agencies (ministries, departments) Judicial bodies (courts) Social service agencies (schools, clinics) International govt. bodies (UN, World Bank) Examples of Structures • Collective • Civil society/membership organizations (SILC or farmer groups) • Religious institutions (church, mosque, temple) • NGOs (international, national, local)

20. Policies & Legislation Constitutions and national legal systems Sectoral policies, regulations International covenants and treaties Trade agreements Institutions Markets Social institutions that control access – e.g. local chief systems, traditions, conventions Examples of Systems • Culture and • Power Relations • Cultural beliefs, values • Patterns of gender, class, caste, age, racial and ethnic relations

21. Why are Structures & Systems so important? Structures & Systems can either enable or constrain our work toward Integral Human Development They (and the people who control them) can decide: • Who can access services and Assets • Who gets important information and who does not • Who participates in decision-making and who does not

22. Engagement Engaging with Structures & Systems can be…… Passive – receiving services (ex. adopting agriculture extension advice without fully understanding it) • Active – influencing policies and decision-making (ex. participating in a parent teacher association at a school)

24. What are Shocks? Shocks are sudden, intense events that can harm people’s lives or livelihoods. Shocks can be political, economic, environmental or social. What are some examples of Shocks in your experience? How did these affect people? How did people respond?

25. What are Cycles? Cycles are events that occur regularly, often seasonally, and are more predictable (i.e., seasonal floods, crop prices after the harvest, diseases associated with rainy seasons). Cycles can also be political, economic, environmental or social. What are examples of Cycles in your experience? How do these Cycles affect people? How do they cope with these Cycles?

26. What are Trends? Trends are gradual evolutions that can be positive or negative. Prices can increase or decline, long-term weather patterns can change, disease rates (such as HIV) can increase or decrease depending on a number of factors. What are examples of Trends in your experience? How do these Trends affect people? How do they cope with these Trends?

27. The Effects of a Shock • Loss of assets • Structures and systems that no longer function normally • Potential for new shocks • Livelihood strategies that are no longer viable • Choice of strategies and activities that increase vulnerability • New opportunities (solidarity, social interdependence)

28. Resilience and Integration • Resilience is the capacity of people and communities to advance integral human development in the face of shocks, cycles and trends. • Integration is the intentional effort to design and deliver complementary services that leverage synergies to empower people, transform institutions and advance integral human development.

30. Definition of Livelihood Strategies Households develop Strategies to attain their aspirations based on the Assets to which they have access, and the Risks to which they are exposed, taking into consideration both the enabling and constraining aspects of Structures & Systems. Photo by David Leege for CRS.

31. The Six Livelihood Strategies • Asset Maximization – increasing people’s capabilities and incomes. • Asset Diversification – establishing a range of Asset types to increase resilience in case of loss of any one set of Assets. • Engagement – increasing the influence of people and communities in decision-making. Photo by David Snyder for CRS.

32. The Six Livelihood Strategies • Risk Reduction – reducing peoples’ vulnerability to Shocks, Cycles and Trends. • Asset Recovery – rebuilding all categories of Assets lost during a disaster. • Coping/Survival Mechanisms – systems that people use to get through difficult periods. Photo by David Leege for CRS.

33. Outcomes: IHD • Desired outcome = IHD • Basic Needs met • Human Dignity protected • Peace & Justice for all What individuals, families and communities want to achieve in their lives. Photo by David Leege for CRS.

34. Practical Applications of IHD • Livelihood assessments • Strategic planning • Project design • Monitoring and evaluation

35. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Tools Used in a Livelihood Assessment STAGE 1 • Community mapping • Mobility mapping • Institutional assessment • Well-being ranking STAGE 2 • Trend analysis • Seasonal calendar • Life cycle analysis • Focus group discussions • Semi-structured household interviews STAGE 3 • Problem Identification and Pairwise ranking • Community Action Plan

36. Asset Analysis

37. Vulnerability Analysis

38. Household Engagement with Structures & Systems

39. Current Livelihood Strategies

40. Gaps/Opportunities in Livelihood Strategies

41. IHD and Project Design • IHD promotes integration of different sectors within projects for greater synergy and impact. • IHD highlights the interrelationship of relief, recovery and development activities. • IHD promotes a better understanding of how national and global issues, policies and other actions (macro-level) affect individuals, families and communities (micro-level).

42. Program FASO – An integrated approach to building resilience • Drought, floods and climate change have combined to reduce agricultural productivity and increase malnutrition • Holistic, multi-sectoral approach focused on: • Maternal and child nutrition • Better access to health services • Behavior change communication • Improving agricultural productivity • Restoring degraded land • Increasing household income • School feeding/education • Local governance (village committees)

43. Using IHD in a Project Design Assessment Assets: • How are household and community assets affected by droughts, floods and climate change? Structures & Systems: • What services are available to help people cope? • Do people have influence over decision-making in their community? • Do gender norms affect household feeding practices? Trends: • Are droughts, floods or other natural disasters becoming more frequent? Strategies and Outcomes: • How do families cope when they are affected by natural disasters? Are some households or communities more resilient than others?

44. IHD and Project Evaluation Even if a project was not necessarily designed with IHD in mind, using the IHD framework can help to understand if/how the project has helped to: • strengthen household and community assets, • increase household resilience to shocks, cycles and trends, • change attitudes and behaviors, • influence structures and systems and • develop new or improved livelihood strategies. IHD can also help to identify opportunities, gaps or unmet needs for the next phase of a project.