An old aged patient reported to the physician with the complaints (s/s) of Dyspnea,

1. ? • Patient was admitted with the complaints of high temperature, vomitting and pain in lower abdomen – right side • Diagnosis- Appendicitis TREATMENT HISTORY- • Symptomatic- Analgesic, Antipyretics & anti-emetics. • Patient showed least response to symptomatic treatment • Surgical treatment: APPENDICECTOMY append(ix) + -ectomy.

2. An old aged patient reported to the physician with the complaints (s/s) of Dyspnea, Tachycardia, Retrosternal pain and Oliguria.

3. Prefixes Objective: Common Prefixes used in the Language of Medicine

4. Categories of Prefixes • Time or speed • Direction • Position • Size or number

5. Prefixes of time or speed • Ante-, pre-: before • Brady-: abnormally slow rate of speed • Neo-:new • Post-: after • Tachy-: rapid, abnormally high rate of speed

6. Examples • Antenatal care: care given to a baby before she/he is born. • Bradycardia: slow heart rate • Neoplasm: new tumor cells, formation • Post-partum: after birth, labor • Tachycardia: rapid heart beat

7. Prefixes of direction • Ab-: away from, outside of, beyond • Ad-: toward, near to • Con-, sym-, syn-: with • Contra-: against • Dia-: across, through

8. Examples • Ab: Abnormal, abductor (muscle that draws a limb away from the body) • Ad: adductor (muscle that draws a limb towards the body), adrenal gland (gland related to the kidney) • Con: congenital anomaly, connective tissue (used to support and bind other body tissue and parts). Bone, cartilage are examples of this.

9. Examples Contd... • Sym-: Symbiosis: A close, prolonged association between two or more different organisms of different species that may, but does not necessarily, benefit each member. • A relationship of mutual benefit or dependence. • Symphysis: A growing together of bones originally separate, as of the two pubic bones or the two halves of the lower jawbone • Syn-: Syndactyly: The condition of having two or more fused digits, as occurs normally in certain mammals and birds.

11. Examples contd... • Contra-: contraindications (here contra means against). • Contralateral: Taking place or originating in a corresponding part on an opposite side (here it means opposite). • Dia-: diarrhea (dia – complete, rrhea – discharge) • Dialysis: (lysis: disintegration) (complete removal or disintegrated stuff from the system)

12. Prefixes of Position • Ec-, ecto-: Outside • en- : inside • Endo- : within • Epi- : upon, subsequent to • Ex- : outside • Exo-: outside • Extra-: beyond

13. Ectopic Pregnancy • Ec-, ecto- : Ectopic pregnancy: the embryo implants itself outside the uterus.

14. Examples contd. • en-, endo-: endoscopy

15. Epithelium • Epi-: epithelium tissue (found in the lining and covering of organs and body cavities)

16. Examples Contd... • Ex-, Exo- : exophthalmos – protrusion of the eyeball associated with enlargement and overactivity of the thyroid gland; also called proptosis (pro = forward, ptosis = prolapsed) • Extra-: Outside; beyond: extracellular • Extra sensory: The alleged phenomenon of perception or awareness of external events in the absence of any sensory stimulation arising from the events. Abbreviated ESP. Extra sensory perception

17. Prefixes pertaining to position • Hyper-: above, beyond normal • Hypo-: below, below normal • Infra-: inside or below • Inter-: between • Intra-: inside

18. Examples of the prefixes • Hyperglycemia: increased levels of glucose in the body • Hyperplasia: increase in cell numbers • Hypoglycemic: Lowering the concentration of glucose in the blood: a hypoglycemic drug

19. Hyperglycemia

20. Hypoglycemia

21. Examples of prefixes • Infra-axillary: Below the axilla.(armpit) • Inter: Between; among: interdental. • In the midst of; within: interoceptor. • A specialized sensory nerve receptor that receives and responds to stimuli originating from within the body. • Intra: Within: intraocular. intramedullary. (within the bone marrow)

22. Prefixes of Position • Meso: middle • Meta: beyond, behind • Pan: all or everywhere • Para: along side or like • Retro: backwards, behind

23. Examples of prefixes • Mesoderm: Middle layer of the skin – • The middle embryonic germ layer, lying between the ectoderm and the endoderm, from which connective tissue, muscle, bone, and the urogenital and circulatory systems develop. • Meta: Situated behind: metacarpus: The part of the human hand that includes the five bones between the fingers and the wrist. • Pan: General; whole: panimmunity.

24. Examples of the prefixes • Para: Beside; near; alongside: parathyroid. • Beyond: paranormal • Retro: Backward; back: retroposition. • Situated behind: retroperitoneum

25. Prefixes of size or number • Bi: two, bilateral • Hemi-, semi-: Half: hemicardia, Partial; partially: semiconscious. • Macro: big, large: macronucleus • Micro: small, Abnormally small: microcephaly – abnormally small head • Mono: one, One; single; alone: monomorphic – having only one form

26. Examples of the prefixes • Olig-: Oligo-: a few, oligosaccharide. A carbohydrate that consists of a relatively small number of monosaccharides*. • Quadri: four, quadriplegia • Tri: three, tricuspid Having three points, prongs, or cusps. • Uni: , Single; one: univalent, unicycle • * Any of a series of compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in which the atoms of the latter two elements are in the ratio of 2:1.

28. The End