PREPARED BY : MOHD SHARIFUDDIN B SAHABUDIN 12DEP11F11006 IMAN BT ABDULLAH 12DEP11F1002

1. EC301: COMPUTER NETWORK FUNDAMENTAL PREPARED BY : • MOHD SHARIFUDDIN B SAHABUDIN • 12DEP11F11006 • IMAN BT ABDULLAH • 12DEP11F1002 • MUHAMMAD MUIZZUDDIN BIN ZAINOL ABIDIN • 12DEP11F1003 • MUHAMMAD FARIS B NOORMI • 12DEP11F1047

2. 2.4.5 The current IP information of a workstation

3. Core Protocol • The primary protocols in the internet layer are the Internet protocol (IP). • It is implemented in two versions, IPv4 and IPv6. • TheInternet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is primarily used for error and diagnostic functions. • Different implementations exist for IPv4 and IPv6. • The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used by IPv4 hosts and adjacent multicast routers to establish multicast group memberships.

5. IPv4 Subnetting Reference • In the IPv4address space certain address blocks are specially allocated or reserved for special uses such as:- • loopback interfaces • private networks (RFC 1918) • state-less autoconfiguration (Zeroconf, RFC 3927) of interfaces. • Such addresses may be used without registration or allocation from Regional Internet Registries (RIRs).* (address ranges must not be routed into the public Internet infrastructure.)

8. IPv6 Subnetting Reference • Lists the sizes for IPv6 computer networks. • Different types of network links may require different subnet sizes. • The CIDR netmask separates the bits of the network identifier prefix from the bits of the interface identifier. • Selecting a smaller prefix size results in fewer number of networks covered, but with more addresses within those networks. • Stateless address autoconfigurationworks only with /64 prefixes

9. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR )Prefixes

10. IPv6 Address Classes • IPv6 addresses are classified by the primary addressing and routing methodologies common in networking:- • unicast addressing • anycastaddressing • multicast addressing

11. 1) Unicast Addresses :- • Identifies a single network interface. • The Internet Protocol delivers packets sent to a unicast address to that specific interface. • Anycast Addresses :- • assigned to a group of interfaces, usually belonging to different nodes • A packet sent to an anycast address is delivered to just one of the member interfaces, typically the nearest host, according to the routing protocol’s definition of distance. • Anycast addresses cannot be identified easily, they have the same format as unicast addresses, and differ only by their presence in the network at multiple points. Almost any unicast address can be employed as an anycast address.

12. 3) Multicast Addresses :- • used by multiple hosts, which acquire the multicast address destination by participating in the multicast distribution protocol among the network routers. • A packet that is sent to a multicast address is delivered to all interfaces that have joined the corresponding multicast group.

13. *IMPORTANT • IPv6 does not implement broadcast addressing. • Broadcast's traditional role is subsumed by multicast addressing to the all-nodes link-local multicast group ff02::1. • However, the use of the all-nodes group is not recommended, and most IPv6 protocols use a dedicated link-local multicast group to avoid disturbing every interface in the network.)

14. 2.4.6Aplly IP address manually by modifying client workstation’s TCP/IP properties. By iman • The IP address of your PC is unique, just as your phone number is unique. Many organizations, including the authorities, can trace your IP address to find out your host name, ISP location and the geographic area from which you connect to the Internet.

15. 1 . Access the Control Panel through the Start menu.

16. 2. In the Control Panel, select Network and Internet.

17. 3. In Network and Internet, select Network and Sharing Center.

18. 4. In Network and Sharing Center, select Wireless Network Connection for wireless internet or Local Network Connection for wired internet.

19. 5. Click on Details.

20. 6. Find your IP address by looking next to IPv4 Address.

21. 2.4.7

22. What Is the IP Address of a Router? • A typical home network router keeps two IP addresses, one for local devices to connect to across the LAN, and one for the external Internet (WAN) connection. How can find a router's IP addresses? The internal, LAN-IP address is normally set to a default, private number. Linksys routers, for example, use 192.168.1.1 for their internal IP address. D-Link and Netgear routers typically use 192.168.0.1.

23. The IP Address Structure • All IP addresses are made up of four parts (quadrants) separated by dots, like this: XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX • where each XXX can be any number between 0 and 255. If you know binary, you will understand that each of these numbers are stored in 8 bits (binary digits), and the number of possibilities you can have is 2 raised to the power of 8, which is 256 (0-255). • Examples of IP addresses are: • 192.168.66.5127.0.0.1 • The second example above is the default IP address assign to any standalone machine. So, if your machine is not connected to any network, its address is 127.0.0.1. This is also called the localhost address.

24. Identify IP addressing in a simple LAN To Determine your LAN / Local / Internal IP Address • To determine your LAN IP address, please use the instructions for your OS. • Your LAN IP address is usually of the form 192.168.X.X.

25. Windows XP, 200x, NT, Win 7 & Win 8 a) In the Run window, enter cmd and press Enter. b) Then, type the command ipconfig and press Enter. c) The IP address is clearly labeled in the output of ipconfig.

26. 2.4.8 Construct a DHCP server within a range of IP adressed

31. Media

32. An example of use of the protocol is in a residential local area network (LAN). In this case, a DHCP server is contained in the router while the clients are hosts, e.g., personal computers, smart phones, or printers on the local network. The router itself is a client within the network of the Internet service provider (ISP) and receives its configuration information upstream from the ISP's DHCP server.

35. 2.4.9 IP address to workstations and printer in the LAN. By Muizz B A 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.1 C D 192.168.1.24 192.168.1.4 192.168.1.3 Figure shows construction IP address to workstations and printer in the LAN

36. 2.4.10 Configuration of DHCPBy Muizz • A network protocol used to configure devices that are connected to a network so they can communicate on that network using the Internet Protocol (IP). • The protocol is implemented in a client-server model, in which DHCP clients request configuration data, such as an IP address, a default route, and one or more DNS server addresses from a DHCP server. • A communications protocol that dynamically assigns unique IP address to network devices • Automatically renews or releases an IP address. • A DHCP server maintains a database of available IP addresses

37. Methods of allocating IP address • Dynamic allocation • A network administrator assigns a range of IP address to DHCP, and each client computer on the LAN has its IP software configured to request an IP address from the DHCP server during network initialization. • Automatic allocation • The DHCP server permanently assigns a free IP address to a requesting client from the range defined by the administrator. • Static allocation • The DHCP server allocates an IP address based on the table with MAC address/IP address pairs, which are manually filled in.

38. Reason to use DHCP • Save time spent assigning IP address • Prevent accidental duplicate IP address • Allows users to move devices (like laptops) without having to change their TCP/IP configuration

39. Thank you from us =)Q&A