New Deal Chapter 15

1. http://712educators.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=712educators&cdn=education&tm=7&f=20&su=p897.4.336.ip_&tt=2&bt=0&bts=0&st=16&zu=http%3A//nieonline.com/aaec/cftc.cfmhttp://712educators.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=712educators&cdn=education&tm=7&f=20&su=p897.4.336.ip_&tt=2&bt=0&bts=0&st=16&zu=http%3A//nieonline.com/aaec/cftc.cfm New DealChapter 15 http://newdeal.feri.org/library/w76.htm http://newdeal.feri.org/library/ab22.htm Section 1 – The New Deal Fights the Depression Section 2 – The 2nd New Deal Takes Hold Section 3 – The New Deal Affects Many Groups Section 4 – Culture in the 1930’s Section 5 – The Impact of the New Deal http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/new_deal_for_the_arts/work_pays_america.html http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/new_deal_for_the_arts/work_pays_america.html http://newdeal.feri.org/library/c10.htm http://newdeal.feri.org/library/ad40.htm http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/new_deal_for_the_arts/work_pays_america.html http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail362.html

2. 21st Amendment • Repeal of the 18th Amendment • Does not affect state prohibition laws http://712educators.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=712educators&cdn=education&tm=7&f=20&su=p897.4.336.ip_&tt=2&bt=0&bts=0&st=16&zu=http%3A//nieonline.com/aaec/cftc.cfm

3. Ring Around the Roosevelt • Roosevelt does take some of his critics ideas and implements them in the 2nd New Deal. • Roosevelt got a lot of advise from the • “Brain Trust” – a collection of experts from various academic fields. http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1569.html

4. Eleanor Roosevelt • Advisor to her husband • Social Reformer • Humanitarian • Traveled the country and observed the social conditions and suffering of the people. • Influenced her husband to help women, children and minorities • Influenced her husband to appoint women to cabinet positions and other government jobs http://newdeal.feri.org/library/ad40.htm

5. The Use of Deficit Spending • Influenced by Economist John Maynard Keynes (See page 492) • Deficit Spending – spending more money than the government receives in revenue • Keynes believed the depression had happened because there was a lack of spending in the economy. If the private sector didn’t spend than the government should keep the balance and spend. • FDR – a necessary evil • “Pump Priming” – pouring a little money into the economy to stimulate economic growth.

6. Now and Then From Daniel Kurtzman, About.com http://politicalhumor.about.com/od/politicalcartoons/ig/Political-Cartoons/1929-vs--Today.htm

7. Helping Farmers • Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act • 2nd AAA • Resettlement Administration • Farm Securities Administration • Rural Electrification Administration http://www.english.illinois.edu/MAPS/depression/photoessay.htm http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blygd1.htm

8. Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act • Replaced the AAA / Passed in 1936 • Help for the Dust Bowl • Allowed government to restrict agricultural output and further conservation at the same time • Landowners agree not to plant soil-depleting crops and agree to use conservation methods on land not in use. • Landowners receive payment http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=143 2 Farm fields plowed for erosion prevention, Mount Vernon, Ohio, 1951.

9. 2nd AAA • Passed in 1938 • Similar to the 1st AAA • Established Marketing Quotas (limits on export commodities) • Crop production limited (Acreage Allotments Established) • Ever – Normal Granary – government stored surplus crops and loaned money to farmers • Provide payments to farmers that would take acres out of production • Set up surplus marketing administration to distribute food surplus to needy families and school lunch programs

10. Resettlement Administration • Passed 1935 by executive order • Resettle impoverished families on better land • Make loans for small farmers to buy land and equipment http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/new_deal_for_the_arts/work_pays_america.html

11. Farm Security Administration • Replaced Resettlement Adm. In 1937 • Provide low-interest loans to tenant farmers and sharecroppers to buy farms • Regulate the supply of migrant workers • Regulate wages and hours of migrant workers • Provide sanitary camps with medical services for migrant workers • Hired photographers to make a pictorial history of life in rural America in the 1930’s • Dorothea Lange, Ben Shahn, Walker Evans, Arthur Rothstein, and Carl Mydans

12. Rural Electrification Administration • Passed 1935 by executive order • Needed because about only 12.6% of American farms had electricity • Provided electricity to rural areas not served by private utilities • Provided low interest loans for construction of power lines and electric coops • By 1945 48% of rural homes had electricity and by 1949 90% had electricity ElectrificationBy David Stone Martin, Treasury Section of Fine Arts, 1940, Tempera on cardboard Fine Arts Collection, General Services Administration(FA4703)

13. Rural Electrification Administration http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/30558F52-9571-46D0-877D-1377C1250561/0/lect3_9.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BeallREA.jpg http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_RL.2001.1.3.jpg http://www.moma.org/images/collection/FullSizes/00043049.jpg

14. Emergency Relief Appropriation Act • 1935 • Provided $5 Billion for public works projects • Created the Works Progress Administration and National Youth Administration • FDR didn’t want the American people to be on the dole. What is that? • He felt it was bad for moral character.

15. Works Progress AdministrationWPA • Director – Harry Hopkins • Workers improve or build schools, airports, hospitals, playgrounds, roads, highways, public buildings, etc. • Support Actors, Artists, and Writers to act, paint, and write • Hired professionals to write city guides, collect historical slave narratives, etc. • Critics say it is make-work and a waste of money • Advocates say it produced public works of lasting value and gave working people hope and a sense of purpose

16. WPA – Federal Art Project Posters http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wpaposters/highlight1.html http://www.oconee.k12.sc.us/whs2/MJENSEN/www.jensen/wpa_poster_free_trade.htm http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wpaposters/highlight2.htm l http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wpaposters/highlight3.html

17. WPA Art Program In the DugoutBy Paul Clemens, Wisconsin Federal Art Project, WPA, 1938Oil on masonite Working Girls Going HomeBy Raphael Soyer, New York City Federal Art Project, WPA, 1937, Lithograph Waiting for the MailBy Grant Wright Christian, Treasury Relief Art Project, 1937 38Oil on canvas See other examples @ http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/new_deal_for_the_arts/index.html

18. Great Depression Art Projects • The mural in the Lakeview Branch, Chicago, Illinois post office was painted by Henry Sternberg in 1938. It is oil on canvas and measures 24'2" x 7'7". The title is "Chicago - Epoch of a Great City". It was funded under the Treasury Department Section of Painting and Sculpture. The Section's main function was to select art of high quality to decorate public buildings if the funding was available. By providing decoration in public buildings, the art was made accessible to all people. http://www.wpamurals.com/lakeview.html

19. Where is this Painting Located?

20. National Youth Administration • Created in 1935 specifically to provide education, jobs, counseling, and recreation for young people 16 - 25. • Similar to work study programs in colleges today. Filling trench Silo, Panhandle A&M College Resident NYA Project. Work being done by NYA youth. Sorghum raised on college farm by NYA youth. NYA workers, Illinois http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/nya.htm http://newdeal.feri.org/wsl/wsl01.htm

21. National Youth Administration Painting depicting the activities of the National Youth AdministrationBy Alden Krider, Kansas National Youth Administration, 1936, Oil on canvas Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, National Archives and Records Administration(44-107-1) • The National Youth Administration (NYA) provided jobs for young adults, especially college students, many of whom found themselves without work, direction, or hope. In 1936, Alden Krider, an NYA artist, painted the story of the NYA for an exhibit at the Kansas State Fair. The painting's shadowy background represents some of the problems and temptations faced by young people during the Depression: crime, poverty, gambling, and homelessness. In the foreground, Krider shows the various types of beneficial employment provided by the NYA. President Roosevelt's words establishing the NYA in 1935 are also prominently displayed.

22. National Labor Relations Act • A.k.a. Wagner Act • Passed 1935 • Gave workers engaged in interstate commerce the right to organize and bargain collectively • Sets up the National Labor Relations Board • Certify organized labor unions • Supervise elections of bargaining agents • Power to act against unfair business practices by business

23. Fair Labor Standards Act • A.k.a. Wages and Hours Act • Passed 1938 • Established minimum wage $.25 an hour raised gradually to $.40 an hour • Maximum hours 44 per week to gradually reduced to 40 hours • Established overtime as time and a half • Ban labor for children under 16 and hazardous labor for those under 18 • Applies to workers involved in interstate commerce

24. Social Security http://www.ssa.gov/ • Francis Perkins – Sec. of Labor and 1st woman cabinet member / Head of the Social Security Committee • Old-Age Insurance • Unemployment Compensation System • Aid for families with dependent children and disabled http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Perkins

25. Public Utilities Holding Company Act • Outlawed the ownership of utilities by multiple holding companies – a practice known as the pyramiding of holding companies. • Hard to enforce