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§ 2.4 Temperature relation

Chapter2 Autecology(Organism and environment). § 2.4 Temperature relation. 江西师范大学 生命科学学院 邵明勤 副教授. § 2 .4 Temperature relation. 1. Main factors affecting temperature distribution 2. Temperature and ecological types of animals 3. Temperature relation

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§ 2.4 Temperature relation

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  1. Chapter2 Autecology(Organism and environment) §2.4Temperature relation 江西师范大学生命科学学院 邵明勤 副教授

  2. §2.4 Temperature relation 1. Main factors affecting temperature distribution 2. Temperature and ecological types of animals 3. Temperature relation (1) Effects of extreme temperature on organisms;   (2) Adaptation of organism to extreme temperature; (3) Effective accumulative temperature 有效积温法则; (4) Temperature and longevity 寿命; (5) Temperature and distribution.

  3. 本节目标 1.掌握温度对生物的影响及生物的适应特点 2.掌握有效积温法则 3.掌握范托夫定律(Q10定律) 4.了解物候及其相关概念 本节重点 1.掌握温度对生物的影响及生物的适应特点 2.掌握有效积温法则 本节难点 有效积温法则

  4. 生态学词汇

  5. 1. Main factors affecting temperature distribution (1) Space: ①Latitude纬度:纬度由低到高,温度逐步降低,从赤道到极地可划分为热带、亚热带、温带及寒带,从而决定生物的相应的地带性分布。 ②海陆位置:Altitude海拔:高海拔地区,太阳辐射较强,但由于风的作用,热散失快,所以温度较低。 ③坡度、坡向 (2) Time ① Seasonal change 季节变化 ② Daily change 昼夜变化

  6. 1. Main factors affecting temperature distribution 南北坡植被的差异(Space)

  7. (1)根据体温的稳定程度: ① Homeotherms 常温动物 ② Opoikilotherms 变温动物 ③ Heterotherms 异温动物 某些常温动物(兽类和鸟类)在冬眠过程中也降低体温,故将这类动物称为--异温动物。 (2)根据有机体热能的主要来源: ① Ectotherms 外温动物 an organism that relies mainly on external sources of energy for regulating body temperature. ② Endotherms 内温动物 an organism that relies mainly on internal energy for regulating body temperature . 2 Temperature and ecological types of animals

  8. 2 Temperature and ecological types of animals Temperature and types of animals • 常温动物 • 变温动物 • 外温动物 • 内温动物

  9. 2 Temperature and ecological types of animals Thermal neutral zone 热中性区The range of environmental temperatures over which the metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal does not change.是一个环境温度范围,在这个温度范围内,内温动物用最小的代谢消耗以维持恒定的体温。

  10. 3. Temperature relation (1) Effects of extreme temperature on organisms ① Low temperature:温度低于一定的数值,生物会因低温而受害,该值称为临界温度critical temperature 。 0℃以上的低温对喜温生物的伤害称冷害;低于0℃受冻害;霜害:指因霜的出现而使生物受害。霜害因在0℃以下的伤害。 Temperature and population growth

  11. 3 Temperature relation ② High temperature:生物呼吸加强,多因体液不平衡所致(缺水、代谢物积累、蛋白质凝固)。 • plant:光合作用下降;呼吸作用加强;水分代谢不平衡;代谢物积累;蛋白质凝固。 • animal:呼吸作用加强;排泄失调;蛋白质凝固,酶失活;神经麻痹。

  12. (2) adaptation of organisms 长期生活于低温环境中的生物通过自然选择(natural selection) ,在形态Morphology、生理Physiology和行为Behavior上表现出很多明显的适应。 ① Plant: Low temperature:极地和高山植物,形态上Morphology,叶片表面有油类物质;芽具鳞片;体表具蜡粉和密毛;矮小。生理上Physiology ,水分降低,糖、脂、色素增加,以降低细胞冰点;吸收光谱增宽,能吸收红外线。 High temperature:形态上Morphology ,某些植物生有密绒毛和鳞片,体呈白色,可反射部分光线;叶片垂直排列;木栓层厚。生理上Physiology ,含水少,糖、盐浓度高;蒸腾作用旺盛。  3 Temperature relation

  13. 3 Temperature relation 植物的行为适应

  14. 3 Temperature relation (2) Animals ① Low temperature: Morphology ,皮下脂肪加厚;Bergmans rule:恒温动物在寒冷地区个体较大;Allens rule:恒温动物在寒冷环境中突出部位(耳、四肢、尾)有变短的趋势。Physiology,增加产热,局部异温。Behavior,dormancy and migration。在温寒带,变温动物的休眠很常见,在变温动物(如鳖、牛蛙)生态养殖中,提高温度打破冬眠使其快速生长和繁殖,是最重要而有效的手段。 ② High temperature: Morphology ,难以奏效。Physiology,放松对恒温的要求,提高体温。发育某些特殊的结构和形成生理上的适应。 Behavior ,夏眠、夜出加穴居。

  15. 3 Temperature relation Rearing temperation and the pigmentation of the clearwinged grasshopper

  16. 3 Temperature relation (3) 阿仑规律 (Allen’s rule) ① Content: in the cold regions, legs, ears, noses, tails of autotherms恒温动物 are shorter than that of autotherms in warm region. ② Explanation:寒冷地区对哺乳动物的主要生态问题是保持体温,躯体突出部分缩短可减少散热,对动物在环境中竞争显然是有利的。

  17. 3 Temperature relation (4)贝格曼规律 (Bergmann’s rule) ① Content: the autotherms in cold region are larger than that in warm region. ② Explanation:一般认为,动物个体大则相同质量所对应的体表面积就小,在进化选择中是有利的。

  18. 3 Temperature relation (3) Effective accumulative temperature rule(Relationship between temperature and biological development) ① Concepts: • Biological zero发育起点温度(生物学零点) 生物的生长发育要求一定的温度范围,低于某一温度,生物会停止生长,高于这一温度,生物才开始生长发育,这一温度阈值称—发育起点温度(生物学零点)。 • 有效积温区:发育起点温度和温度上限之间的范围。 • 温度的三基点:lowest temperature, optimum temperature and highest temperature.

  19. 植物和某些变温动物完成某一发育阶段所需总热量是一个常数,称有效积温sum of effective temperature,也称热常数thermal constant或总积温sum of heat。 K=N*T 式中:K为sum of effective temperature有效积温, N为development time发育时间, T为average temperature. 生物都有一个发育的起点温度biological zero (最低有效温度或生物学零点C),所以,应对平均温度进行修饰。上式变为: K=N*(T-C) or T=C+K/N (T-C)为有效温度,温度T与发育时间N呈双曲线关系,由于发育速度V=1/N,所以, T=C+KV,温度与发育速度呈线性关系。 3 Temperature relation

  20. 生物的发育也有一个高限温度,发育时间也有生理极限,即最短发育时间。生物的发育也有一个高限温度,发育时间也有生理极限,即最短发育时间。 K=N*(T-C) N1=20,N2=41 T1=26,T2=19.5 20*(26-C)=41.7*(19.5-C) 求得,C=13.5,K=250 3 Temperature relation

  21. 3 Temperature relation ② biological development and growth rate • 发育阈温度(生物学零度) • 总积温(有效积温):K=N(T-C) • 发育历期和发育速率 • T=C+KV; T=C+K/N

  22. 3 Temperature relation ③ Application application of effective accumulative temperature rule: • estimate number of generations of organism; 如:完成一个世代的积温为504.7日度,某地区年总积温2220.9,则发生世代数的预测: 2220.9/504.7=4.5代。 NOTE:this rule can not be used to estimate number of generations of organisms that has the habit of dormancy or diapause(休眠或滞育期 )。 • estimate the northern edge of geographical distribution of organisms; • forecast the condition of pests; • arrange agriculture.

  23. 3 Temperature relation ④ limitation: • Effective accumulative temperature and biological zero are measured under a certain temperature. 变温下昆虫发育较快。   • The relationship between temperature and development rate is S-shaped, not linear. 温度和发育速度的关系为S型,而非直线型。   • Besides temperature, organism growth is also influenced by other factors,如长日照促进小麦发育。   • This rule can not be used to estimate number of generations of organisms that has the habit of dormancy or diapause. • 根据K=N*(T-C)公式,两组温度(T)和发育历期(N)的数据即可求出K和C。 • 但实际科研工作中,若只有两点的观察可能会带来较大的误差。因此,一般用统计学上的最小二乘法来求发育起点温度和热常数。 • T=C+KV,相当于Y=a+bX,用最小二乘法求出C(或a)和K(或b),再根据T,预测N或V。

  24. 鞭角华扁叶蜂蛹、卵、幼虫有效积温研究1998年,第2期,森林病虫通讯鞭角华扁叶蜂蛹、卵、幼虫有效积温研究1998年,第2期,森林病虫通讯 3 Temperature relation 相关文献

  25. 3 Temperature relation K=N*(T-C) N=K/(T-C)

  26. (4) Q10 rule 变温动物及植物,在一定范围内,温度每升高10度,其生理过程的速度加快2-3倍。 其中,Q10:temperature coefficient, t2,t1: temperature value, R2,R1:生理过程速率(rate)。 EXAMPLE:shrimp:5centigrade,心率100times/min;25centigrade,心率400times/min. Q10 =(400/100) 10/(25-5)=2------constant 5,100;15,200;25,400 3 Temperature relation

  27. 3 Temperature relation (5) Temperature and longevity Relationship between temperature and animal longevity: ① The longevity of exotherm(变温动物)in cold environment is longer than that in warm environments; the longevity of autotherm(恒温动物)in optimal temperature is longest. ② 某一特定温度下生殖力最强。 Temperature and hatching success

  28. (6) Temperature and biological distribution ①Extreme temperature is the most important factor that restricts the distribution of organisms high temperature:白桦、云杉不能在华北平原生长;苹果、梨、桃不能在热带开花结果;黄山松分布在1000-1200米以上;菜粉蝶不能忍受26℃以上的气温。 low temperature:橡胶分布区低于北纬24°40 ’(云南盈江),海拔960米以下;剑麻是北纬26°,海拔900米以下;椰子是24°30ˊ(厦门),海拔640米以下(海南);东亚飞蝗的北界为等温线13.6℃。 3 Temperature relation

  29. 3 Temperature relation ②Temperature has little limitation to autotherm distribution, however temperature can affect autotherm distribution through changing ecological factors such as foods.

  30. 3 Temperature relation ③ The tolerance of different species to high temperature • 水生植物:30~40℃ • 旱生植物:50~60℃ • mammals:42℃ • birds:46~48℃ • reptiles:45℃

  31. 3 Temperature relation (7) 有关物候的概念 • phenology物候学:The study of the relationship between climate and the timing of ecological events such as the date of arrival of migratory birds on their wintering grounds, the timing of spring plankton blooms, or the onset and ending of leaf fall in a deciduous forest. 研究生物的季节性节律活动与环境季节变化关系的科学。也就是记录一年中植物生长枯荣、动物迁飞生育等。了解气候如何影响动植物。 物候学记录生物的各种自然现象出现的日期,如某高等植物发芽、出叶的日期。

  32. 3 Temperature relation

  33. 讨论???,解决实际问题 • 温度如何影响家畜和家禽的生长?不同季节温度差异大,你发现动物生长在不同季节间生长和产卵等的差异了吗? • 分析你身边动植物的物候期?

  34. 本节小结 1. Low temperature:温度低于一定的数值,生物会因低温而受害,该值称为临界温度critical temperature 。 2. Effective accumulative temperature rule: K=N*(T-C) or T=C+K/N; 其中,K为sum of effective temperature有效积温,N为development time发育时间,T为average temperature. 3.发育起点温度(生物学零点):生物的生长发育要求一定的温度范围,低于某一温度,生物会停止生长,高于这一温度,生物才开始生长发育,这一温度阈值称—发育起点温度(生物学零点)。 4. 有效积温区:发育起点温度和温度上限之间的范围。 5. 温度的三基点:lowest temperature, optimum temperature and highest temperature. 6. Q10定律:变温动物及植物,在一定范围内,温度每升高10度,其生理过程的速度加快2-3倍。 其中,Q10:temperature coefficient; t2,t1: temperature value; R2,R1:生理过程速率(rate)。

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