1 / 17

REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRASTION ( ETo )

REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRASTION ( ETo ). Penman Method

Download Presentation

REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRASTION ( ETo )

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRASTION (ETo) Penman Method Climatic data required are : mean teperature (0C), mean relative humidity (RH in %), total windrum ( U in km/day at2 m height) and mean actual sunshine duration (n in hour/day) or mean radiation (Rs or Rn equivalent evaporation in mm/day). Also measured or estimated data in mean maximum relative humidity (RHmax in %) and mean daytime windspeed (Uday in m/sec at 2 m height) must be available. Eto = c [ W . Rn + ( 1 – W) . F (U). (ea – ed)]

  2. Where ; (ea – ed) = vapour pressure deficit i.e. the difference between saturation vapour pressure (ea) at Tmean in mbar (Table 9) and actual vapour pressure (ed) in mbar where ed = ea.RH/100 f (U) = wind function of f(U) = 0.27 (1 + U/100) with U in km/day measured at 2 m height Rn = total net radiation in mm/day or Rn = 0.75Rs – Rnl where Rs is obtained from Rs = (0.25+0.5 n/N)Ra. Ra is extra-terrestrial radiation in mm/day (table 10), n is mean actual sunshine duration in hour/day and N is maximum possible sunshine duration in hour/day (Table 11). Rnl is net longwave radiation in mm/day and is function of temperature, f(T), of actual vapour pressure, f(ed) and sunshine duration, f(n/N), or Rnl = f(T).f(n/N).f(ed) (Table 12, 13, 14) W = temperature and altitude dependent weighting factor (table 15) c = adjustment factor for ratio Uday/Unight, for Rhmax and for Rs (Table 16)

  3. Example : Given : Location 30 oN ; altitude 95 m; July ; Tmean 28.5 oC; Rhmean 55% ; Umean 232 km/day ; n mean 11.5 hour/day ; (Rhmax 80%, Uday 3 m/sec, Uday/Unight 1.5). Calculation : ea T = 28.5 oC Table 9 38.9 mbar ed ea . RH/100 calc 21.4 mbar ea – ed calc 17.5 mbar f(U) 0.27(1+U/100) ; U = 232 km/day calc 0.9 Ra 30 oN, July Table 10 16.8 mbar N 30 oN, July Table 11 13.9 hour/day Rs (0.25+0.50 n/N)Ra calc 11.2 mm/day Rnl f(T).f(ed).f(n/N) Table 12,13,14 1.8 mm/day Rn 0.75Rs – Rnl calc 6.6 mm/day W T = 28.5 oC ; 95m Table 15 0.77 c Rhmax 80% ; Rs 11.2; Uday/Unight 1.5 Table 16 1.01 ETo c[W.Rn + (1-W).f(U).(ea-ed)] calc 8.8 mm/day

  4. 2. Radiation method Climate data required are mean temperature (T in oC) and mean actual sunshine duration (n in hour/day) or mean incoming shortware radiation (Rs in mm/day) equivalent evaporation). Estimated values of mean relative humidity (RH in %) nd mean daytime windspeed (Uday in m/sec at 2 m height) ETo = c (W . Rs) Where : Rs = measured mean incoming shortware radiation in mm/day or is obtained from Rs = (0.25 + 0.50 n/N) Ra where Ra is extra – terrestrial radiation in mm/day (Table 10), N is maximum possible sunshine duration in hour/day (table 11) and n is measured mean actual sunshine duration in hour/day W = temperature and altitude dependent weighting factor (Table 15) c = adjustment factor made graphically on W. Rs using estimated values of Rhmean and Udaytime (figure 1).

  5. Example : Given : Location 30 oN, altitude 95 m; July; Tmean 28.5 oC; n mean 11.5 hour/day; Uday mean = moderate (2 to 5m/sec); RHmean = medium (about 55%) Calculation : Ra 30 oN ; July Table 10 16.8 mm/day N 30 oN ; July Table 11 13.9 mm/day Rs (0.25 + 0.50 n/N) Ra calc 11.2 mm/day W T = 28.5 oC ; 95m Table 15 0.77 W.Rs calc 8.6 mm/day ETo RH 55 %; U = 2 to 5 m/sec Fig.1 8.4 mm/day

  6. 3. Pan Evaporation Method Data required are mean pan evaporation (Epan in mm/day), estimated values mean relative humidity (RH in %) and mean windrum (U in km/day at 2 m height) and information on whether the pan is surrounded by a cropped or dry fallow area. ETo = kpan. Epan Where : Epan = evaporation in mm/day from an unscreened class A evappotarion pan k pan = pan coeeficient (Table 17)

  7. Example : Given : July ; E class A pan 11.3 mm/day; Rhmean = medium ; Umean = moderate; pan surronded by cropped area of several hectares. Calculation : kpan RH = medium; U = moderate; cropped Table 17 0.75 ETokpan. Epan calc 8.5 mm/day

  8. PengukuranEvaporasisecaraLangsung Contoh : Pan Evaporimeterberupabakataupanci yang mempunyaiukurantertentu (tinggi ± 2,5 dm dan diameter ± 12,2 dm) yang terbuatdaribahan plat besiatauseng, yang didalamnyaterdapat STILL WELL dengandilengkapijarumpenunjuk, gambar. Keterangan : Bak/Panci Still Well JarumPenunjuk BetonPenyagga 1 2 3 4

  9. Cara Pengamatan : • Bilatidakterjadihujan, angkapenguapandapatlangsungdiukurdengancarapenambahan air setinggijarumpenunjukdimanasebelumnya (waktupagi) air selalutepatpadajarumpenunjuk • Bilaterjadihujantapibelumsampaimelampuijarumpenunjuk, makapenambahan air tetapdiberikanhinggatepatdipermukaanjarum. Dan angkapenguapan : jumlahcurahhujanditembahpenambahan air. • Jika air melampuibatasjarum, makapenguapansamadengancurahhujandikurangidenganpengurangan air hinggabatasjarumpenunjuk • Bilahujansangatlebatsehingga air tumpahdaribak, makapenguapantidakbisadihitung, sehinggaperludigunakanalat-alat lain sepertiPiche.

  10. CROP COEFFICIENT (kc) Infromation required on crops is : • The date of sowing • The length of total growing season, including • The duration of initial stage (germination to 10 percent ground cover) • The duration of crop development stage (from 10 percent to 80 percent ground cover) • The duration of the mid-season stage (from 80 percent ground cover to start of ripening) • The duration of late season stage (fro start of ripening to harvest) General informatio n on crop development stages is given for different crops in Part B. For crop coefficients see Table 18. climate data required for the selection of kc values are windspeed and humidity. Example : Given : Maize; planted 1 May; harvested 31 August; initial stage is 20 days ; development stage 35 days; mid-season stage 40 days; late season stage 28 days; windspeed is light to moderate; minimum mean relative humidity is low. Calculation : From Part B, Maize, or from Table 18: kc May = 0.4; June = 0.75; July = 1.15; August = 0.85

  11. MAXIMUM EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ETm) Data required are monthly mean ETo in mm/day and the kc values for the given crop over each 30 or 10-day periode. Maximum evapotranspiration ETm = kc. Eto Example Given : Climate data collected at station located within an irrigated area : May June July August ETo mm/day 8.9 9.4 8.8 7.6 kc 0.4 0.75 1.15 0.85 Calculation ETm mm/day 3.6 7.1 10.1 6.5 mm/month 110 212 314 201 840

More Related