Chapter 4. peripheral factors in neuromuscular fatigue

1. Chapter 4. peripheral factors in neuromuscular fatigue PF. Gardiner, Advanced neuromuscular exercise physiology

2. Neuromuscular fatigue • ↓ maximal force response in spite of continued supramaximalstimulus • ↑effort necessary to maintain a submaximal contractile force • During sustained submaximal muscle contraction • ↑ excitation of the motor pool • simultaneous ↓in the maximal capacity of the contractile system • Neuromuscular fatigue: a condition that develops gradually as exercise continues

3. Factors Affecting Performance

4. Sites of Fatigue • Central fatigue • Peripheral fatigue • Neural factors • Mechanical factors • Energetics of contraction

5. Changes in contractile properties during fatigue Jones DA et al, JP 2006

6. Changes in contractile properties during fatigue Jones DA et al, JP 2006

7. Changes in contractile properties during fatigue Jones DA et al, JP 2006

8. ↑ neural signals when maintaining a submaximal contractile force

9. Intramuscular factors: Interstitial K+ • MAJOR factor • ↑interstitial 細胞間 potassium (K+), ↓membrane excitability • critical interstitial potassium concentration at which muscle tetanic force is affected similar to that in exercising human muscles (resting: ~4 mM; exercising: 10-13 mM) • sodium-potassium ATPase (Na+/K+ ATPase) • Training ↑ Na+/K+ ATPase, ↓accumulation of interstitiaIK, longer time to fatigue

10. Na, K in nerve impulse

12. Interstitial K+ and muscle force Interstitial K+in exercising human muscles: 10-13 mM

13. Power output and interstitial K+ in human muscles

14. Intramuscular factors • ATP concentration only minor role • ATP usually NOT depleted during exercise • However, potential localized ATP depletion, especially in triad region • Na+/K+ ATPase, use ATP generated by glycolysis • ↓ rate of ATP use by ↓crossbridge cycling, ↓ SR Ca2+ uptake • ↑calcium trapped in the cytoplasmic compartment • ↑ magnesium (Mg2+) ↓ calcium channel opening • inorganic phosphate enter sarcoplasmic reticulum and precipitate with Ca • Minor factor : estimated <10% of maximum force

15. X: force, : PCr, :ATP after 10s and 20 s. open: type I, close type II human muscles Exer Biochem c6-high intensity ex

16. Fatigue mechanism – increased H+ • Human muscle pH dropped from 7.05 to ~6.5 after exhaustive exercise • However, exhaustion in pH 6.8-6.9 in some situations • Force usually recover faster than pH • Ca2+ release from SR NOT inhibited even at pH 6.2 • H+ has much less inhibitory effect in activation of the contractile apparatus and Ca2+ release than previously assumed • Low pH could inhibit glycolytic enzyme activities • However, alkalinizers DO increase performance in HIE

17. Lactate metabolism • Whenever glycolysis produce pyruvate, lactate also produced • Pyruvate synthesis rate >> pyruvate dehydrogenase activity • Lactate dehydrogenase activity high in skeletal muscle • Fate of lactate • Leave muscle fiber via monocarboxylate transporter • Enter adjacent fiber with lower intracellular [lac] • Enter cells, used by heart, nonworking muscle (as fuel) or liver and kidney (as sources for gluconeogenesis), intercellular lactate shuttle • monocarboxylatetransporter act as a symport, transfer lactate down gradient, accompanied by a H+ • Lactate is NOT responsible for muscle acidity, fatigue, or soreness

18. Lactate synthesis REMOVEH+

19. Major source of H+ during exercise

20. Major mechanisms in muscle fatigue

21. Fatigue mechanisms

22. Structures other than muscleNeuromuscular transmission failure • failure of a nervous impulse to be translated into sarcolemma • Neurotransmitter depletion: acetylcholine • ↓ in max force: stimulated by its motor nerve > stimulated directly to muscle • 3,4-diaminopyridine ↓ force difference between indirect and direct stimulation • 3,4-diaminopyridine↑acetylcholine release

23. Neuromuscular transmission failure • Postsynaptic membrane failure • Prolonged exposure to ACh desensitize ACh receptor • Failure of axon branches to pass on action potentials • Action potential generated in axon is NOT propagated into all of the branches extending to muscle fibers

24. Difference between direct and indirect stimulation

25. Inhibition of motoneurons • Inhibition of motoneurons: ↓motoneuronal excitability, ↓ firing rates during fatigue at maximal and submaximal force • Afferent nerve (sensory nerve) signals • Demonstrated under ischemia conditions • Receptors for metabolic by-product concentrations?

26. Inhibition of motoneurons

27. Skinned muscle • skinning the muscle fibers allows us to set the intracellular concentrations of molecules • no longer a semipermeable barrier or transporter system that can become limiting