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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Prenatal Period to 1 Year. Heredity and Environment. Each sperm and ovum contributes 23 chromosomes to the zygote. The sex of the zygote is determined by the combination of X and Y chromosomes. Genes Dominant Recessive. Environment and Its Influences.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Prenatal Period to 1 Year

  2. Heredity and Environment • Each sperm and ovum contributes 23 chromosomes to the zygote. • The sex of the zygote is determined by the combination of X and Y chromosomes. • Genes • Dominant • Recessive

  3. Environment and Its Influences • General health of mother • Diet • Balance of rest and exercise • Avoidance of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs • Avoidance of teratogens • Early prenatal supervision

  4. Prenatal Period • Extends from fertilization to birth • Early stages of development • Zygote • Morula • Blastocyst • Embryo • Fetus

  5. Stages of Development • Ovulation • Fertilization • Implantation

  6. Stages of Labor • Stage 1—dilation • Dilation • Effacement • Stage 2—expulsion • Stage 3—delivery of placenta

  7. Fetal Structures • Placenta • Produces hormones • Transports nutrients and wastes • Protects • Umbilical cord • Two arteries • One vein

  8. Apgar Scale • Done at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth • Measures overall status: • Color • Reflex irritability • Heart rate • Respiratory rate • Muscle tone

  9. Physical Characteristics of the Newborn • Head • Length and weight • Skin

  10. Physical Characteristics of the Newborn (continued) • Genitals • Face abdomen • Extremities

  11. Neurological Characteristics of the Newborn • Protective reflexes • Blinking • Sneezing • Swallowing • Gag reflex

  12. Neurological Characteristics of the Newborn (continued) • Other reflexes • Moro-startle • Rooting • Sucking • Grasp • Tonic neck • Babinski

  13. Vital Signs • Temperature • Pulse • Respirations • Blood pressure

  14. Developmental Milestones • Gross motor skills • Head control rolling over • Sitting • Crawling and creeping • Standing • Cruising • Walking

  15. Developmental Milestones (continued) • Fine motor skills • Grasping • Reaching • Holding • Bringing objects to mouth • Holding own bottle, hand preference • Pincer grasp • Drinking from cup • Using a spoon

  16. Psychosocial Development • Erikson—Trust vs. mistrust • Parental guidance • Temperament

  17. Cognitive & Moral Development • Cognitive development • Jean Piaget—Stage of sensorimotor development • Moral development

  18. Communication • Crying • Cooing • Babbling • Sound repetition

  19. Nutrition • Breastfeeding • Bottle feeding • Weaning • Introduction of solid foods

  20. Sleep, Rest, and Play • Sleep and rest • Play—solitary

  21. Safety • Safety issues • Suffocation • Falls • Choking • Poisoning • Drowning • Burns • Car accidents • Health promotion

  22. Health Promotion • Good health practices • Use of health-care services • Early diagnosis and treatment • Regular immunizations

  23. Chapter Challenge • List three factors that may promote a healthy pregnancy • Trace development from fertilization to implantation • Name the primitive reflexes present at birth

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