Family, Caste, Village and Women in India-Unit 2

1. Family, Caste, Village and Women in India-Unit 2 PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

2. It’s the smallest and fundamental social Institution in the human community There are rules that define a family some of them are membership, lineage, inheritance, as well as codes of behavior among the members Its an agency of social welfare to Individual members of the group Health care, protection from the environment, education training for survival, amusement and entertainment. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

3. Family Function Functions • Affection • Moral Support • Sexual Gratification • Procreation • Rearing of the young • Practical Training in life • Passing on the culture • Family which have parents and unmarried children are called as nuclear family PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

4. Joint Family or extended- Which is being in existence from three or four generations with grand parents parents grand children and other relatives PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

5. Patrilineal Family – Tracing the fathers decent PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

6. Matrilineal Family – Tracing the mothers decent like the Garo Khasi Panar in the north east And Nair and Mappilla in the southern part of India PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

7. Cognatic Communities - like Anglo Indians who have bilateral tendencies like they take their names from father while tracing the decent they took note on mothers lineage. Family Types can be classified on the basis of their mates Monogamy- practice of marrying one person Polygamy – marrying more than one woman having many wives Polyandry-polygamy in which a woman has more than one husband. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

8. The modern family has been influenced with the coming up of urbanisation and industrialisation. • Special institutions perform the functions of family these days like • Economic ,Production , Religion and Recreations. • Before family had their own occupations like Doctors Agriculturist,Pandits ,Cowhereds ,Pandits. • . • Family traditions are famous in particular areas Examples are as follows. • Shawl and carpet weaving in Jammu and kashmir • Hoisery industries in Punjab Bhivani • Silk sarees in Beneras, Kancheevaram and Mysore • Bidari Handicrafts • Fruit Juice Pulp In HP • Foot wear making in Kanpur Agra in UP • Sweets in Kolkata • ‘ Machinery making units in Rajkot Gujarath and Coimbature PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

9. Transition of Indian Families- • Zeal and enthusiasm for higher education • Girls students going for higher studies • Parents are open for students going abroad for higher studies • Interstate or international marriages • Increased awreness about (sports learn and play) ,cultural activities • The present generation want to invest on cars Tv laptops smart phones etcrather • Increasing trends by people to go on holidays to foreign country • Joint families are reducing nuclear families are increasingPaternal dictations are very less. • People don’t mind eating in hotelsChange in the way marriages are conducted • Changing in dressing habits • Changing in the housing system that is models of houses • Familiy size have grown small in number. • Agriculture jobs are left to the less educated • Holidays and entertainments have changed • Sports are more commercialised PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

10. The change in the cultural learning among the people in india dance music,. • Long age cinemas there morals now a days morals • .. • CHANGE FROM THE TRADITIONS. • Socio cultural changes – Changes in dress code, spoken langauges, food habits ,educatioin and marriage system • Professional changes- traditional profession and contemporary profession. • The rich tradition professions like jewellers ,mine owners land lords etc stick to their profession due to high income and for personal involvement . • The TATAS ,Birla Ambanis (2ne generation 4th generation) • ITES tradition – Ites have become a traditional activity in India which has got recognised There are 100 of It companies which have been introduced like TCS, Accenture Infosys Wiprow HCL .These companies are also involved in philanthropic work • Because of such industries the CSR work has come to be known among the people PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

11. Music Dance Cinemas – Family traditions in Cinema are as follows BR Chopra ,Raj Kapoor ,J Omprakash Rama Naidu. Anually india produces 1200 filims in 15 languages the maximum films are made in Kannada bengali marathi telugu and tamil. Advantages of film Industry- Empoyment oppertunities like artist technicians workers etc Through films socio cultural problems are depicted It helps creating communal harmony through movies Invokes national pride through stories and songs Films are exported to various countries thereby earning foreign exchange Government gets taxes Disatvantage of film industry Complaint of women illtreatment and child labour Some youth are going a stray Wastage of time and money when addiction sets in Violence rapes and fighting are dominating which may infleuence peoples mentality. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

12. Service Traditions – Like Aurvedic Vaidya Doctors Lawyers Accountants Teachers Kumbhars Chammars Sweepers Pujaris Now a days service oriented family occupation are not seen much cause of smaller family size, Exposure to higher education. Better opportunities and national and global level. Family traditions in sports – Sports needs to improve a lot in india – some states are specialized in some sports like Mumbai for cricket, Goa WestBengal for football, Coorg Patiala Karnataka – hockey Kerala Tamil Nadu for volley ball. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

13. Family tradition in politics – BJP and CPM/CPI ,INC. Name families which follow politics as family tradition. Social Stratification-Is derived from geology which means it is the study of the structure of earth in terms of its natural properties.like physical chemical and biological as revealed in its layers. Social Stratification means placement of individuals and groups on the basis of social differences in income occupation status etc Social Differenciation society is dereived into different types of groups which are based on kinship, race territorial proximity Social startification is the ranking of people into hierarchy in which the resources considered valuable by society such as property power and prestige . For example in a tribe age or lineage could serve to confer a higher social status. Racial grouping American south before the civil war …Norther ireland divides on the basis of religion Caste system in india. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

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15. In medieval Britain Feudal system of land ownership was very important • Key principles of stratification • 1.Its universal but variable • 2. It’s a characteristic feature of society not simply a function of individual differences • 3. Time has given rise to different kinds of stratification • Social stratification persist over generations by inheritance • It is supported by patterns of belief. • Social Status – caste has come by birth itself where as social status comes from self effort which the person achieves • Status also may refer to pedigree of your parents • Types of social stratification in the society • Slavery – in Egypt and Greece feudal period --- Europeans and Asia in Japan. It gave rise to an estate system of stratification. • South Africa and America gave rise to a caste system of stratification. • Modern Capitalization has given rise to class stratification. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

16. Feudalism PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

17. Slavery- Slavery existed in places like Egypt Greece and Roam and many other These people did not possess any kind of economic and political right . • Ancient slavery was based on military conquest. • Ownership of people by others because of various reasons like • Due to debt • Due to violation of law • Due to war conquest • Slavery system which arised in America was based on race – Negros are inferior • Known as chattel or property they were bought and sold in the market like a commodity . • In India some used to keep slaves as there body guard . • In period of Islam slavery existed but it was based on personal basis • In Islamic period slaves could rise based on his ability • The British rule could not recognize slavery . The famous Greek roman and Egyptians architecture are some out comes of forced Labour PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

18. Temple of Aegina El Coliseo PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

19. Estate System • Stratification lies based on land and loyalty towards an entity that controls and distributes land. • There are three estates – • Landed gentry or nobility- made decision and ran things they controlled land and how it has to be used • Clergy they provided for the spiritual need for the country side. • Serfs or peasantry daily laborers are at the bottom level,. • Most of the Europe followed this kind of structure and slowly this structure got extinct with the coming up of industrial revolution. • In feudalism exsisted during the moghal period where kings granted estate to his subordinates and they in turn gave the land to the farmers. • Estates where given to religion and political reasons. • All of the Eastern Asia developed similar social structure. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

20. Social Class- classes have arrised from industrial productive system.Marx has described such a system. According to him there are two principal class Owners Workers Class system – as what they do for a living. Like managers professional and computer technicians People who earn their living by using their hands are called as working class. Carpenters plumbers truck drivers loggers mechanics . Lower white collar workers – clerks sales people teachers draftsman computer technicians. No skills class and no employment system Upper class. In terms of Karl Marx class refers to how group of people relate to the production of goods and services in the society. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

21. In today's society we have three classes Upper Class have control of economic resources Middle class – consisting of salaried employees Working class.- industrial workers Note in India social class came to birth due to the market situation during the colonel rule. But the basic identity of people is recognized my caste more than class PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

22. Class awareness and class consciousness Awareness means to know classes exist .I f one has class consciousness one is not only aware of class membership but also of the cooperate interest of the class. Like working class support certain unions- as they need to protect their interest. Upper class is conscious about the policies of the government and how it effects them. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

23. According to this work there are four classes. Brahmans – priests and law givers who represented the world of releigion Kshatriyas -the fighting and ruling class. Vaisyas – engaged in commercial agricultural and pastoral pursuits Sudras – one of the services to the other three classes These four classes are called as VARNAS PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

24. Hindu community have nearly 2000 castes . Caste system does not follow equality. A man remains till death in a caste he has born except in rare cases. The social status of individual is fixed by heredity not by personal qualifications. .Difference of status are justified by the religious doctrines of karma. According to the Hindus a mans caste is determined by his deeds … Laws of Manu define the heirarchy of the caste system that is from second century BC to second century AD According to this work there are four classes. Brahmans – priests and law givers who represented the world of releigion Kshatriyas -the fighting and ruling class. Vaisyas – engaged in commercial agricultural and pastoral pursuits Sudras – one of the services to the other three classes These four classes are called as VARNAS PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

25. Sub Castes in Islam and Christians- Islam and Christianity Among the Islam there are different sects Shias Sunnis Bohri Aga Khan Pathans and Mujahedeens In afghans Iraq and Pakistan there are huge fight among the sect Christianity there are two categories they are the Catholics protestants initially even though there was conflict now they are having peacful coexistence with each other there subcaste is seen during the time of marriages PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

26. Is an unstratified society possible??? German Philosopher Karl Marx founded a revolutionary concept in social order bourgeoisie who owned the means of production and the proletaraits that is the workers The communist manifesto of 1848 described the development of social stratification throughout history . PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

27. Discrimination in the modern worlds – Adivasis and the Dalits PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

28. Stratification through the ages in India-Seven well defined periods in history which defines the stratification in india. • Pre Aryan Period- 1500 BC Mohenjodaro depicted mother godess male god seated in a yogic posture Worship of fire water have been in vogue . • Vedic Period - 2000 – 600 BC The rig veda played a predominant role in Aryan religion The Upanishads showed the idea of rebirth that is karma and intense imitation.The Upanishads put the seed of stratification in the Indian society. • Age of the revolt-is from 600 BC to 300 ad …this period are in different directions and gave birth to different religon. • This period saw Practical day today life • Stop Sacrificial Performace of Yajnas • Belief in personal god • Teaching of BhagavadGita. • Major changes were introduced in society the three religious doctrines • The pauranic age the age between 300 to 1200.AD Brahmans came to dominance Buddhism and jainism was on staedy decline in india.This was a period wen new religion subsects were introduced they are as follows saivism,vishnavism,shaktism …many temples were built PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

29. Coming up ogf the zorastrians. The Muslim period – 1200 to 1757 known as muslim period.In this period Hindu to muslim went on a great conversion. The British age – This period was influenced by western thoughts Raja ram mohan roy Arya samaj and brahmo samaj played a dominant role.The caste system widened The Modern period – Mahatma Ghandhi worked for the upliftment of of the lower caste Untouchability was removed by the leaders. The reservations were brought by Mandal Committee Recommendations Stratification by occupation and position – that is the Varna system. State Crafts were mentioned in the Arthashastras and Neethishastra Baddena, a Telugu poet. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

30. Manusmriti the oldest law book in india propounded Varnashrama dharma. In Rig veda there are stratification of society according to vocation. Social change due to stratification – innumerable gods including trees animals idols evolved. The classical Sanskrit language was given importance as yagnas and poojas were performed accordingly. Economic life – as social stratification existed there was a lot of greed hate and fights for land etc Political life- the European and Muslims came and ruled and introduced division of people according to religion. Craft guilds –Each class practicing their own occupation is called as craft guild. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

31. Social oppression in India started long back form the Bhakthi movement. The Bhakti movement regionally developed around different gods and goddesses, such as Vaishnavism(Vishnu), Shaivism (Shiva), Shaktism (Shakti goddesses) The movement has traditionally been considered as an influential social reformation in Hinduism, and provided an individual-focussed alternative path to spirituality regardless of one's caste of birth or gender The untouchables were barred from entering temples taking water .These caste were considered despicable. Status of women - women always suffered disabilities based on gender. Because of the malicious nature of woman they were barred from education and most of the religious practices. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

32. Social Ostracisation- Dalits • Not allowed to use public roads • They were not allowed to use public wells and tanks • Children not allowed to go to school • Political • Brahmins and Kshatriyas – were making the rules and the lower caste had to obey the rules • Economic Consequences • Very less economic opportunity for the low caste • Brahmins owned large areas of land where as the low caste were not allowed • Lower caste people were deprived of trading facilities. • Rural development was available only for the upper class. • Then great leaders like mahatma Gandhiji Jyotiba Phule and Ambedkar. Brought reforms ... PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

33. Occupation is regular activity which is carried out in order to earn a livelihood and maintain a social status in the society. • There are three components in occupation • Technological – which involved mental operation in the execution • Economic - where income is earned to provide livelihood • Social prestige – which is got basically through attachment. • The basis on which occupation can be categorized – • The level of skill –unskilled skilled and the professionals • The type of activity they are involved physical and intellectual • The situation it is factory or office or farm occupation • The prerequiste of entry level- the training experience PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

34. The high grade occupations were doctors and company directors lawyers The second category is charted accountants and government officials priest and work managers The third Categories is – owner cultivators and sales representatives Latly the sweepers and coolies Some examples of the upper caste are Rajputs Bhumihars Nairs, Reddys these groups were forced to take up non traditional occupation as they lost there land due to abolition of the zamindar jagirdari system, Lower caste – Jats Ahirs Kurmis Exhavas The SC and ST have got a lot of concession like in their school fees government jobs PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

35. Who are covered in Scio economic Backwards- Dalits or Harijans . Initially it was decided Special Rights For Dalits given in the form of notes. Articles of the constitution. Some of the important articles – Article 15 (4)- nothing in the article prevent the state from making any provisions for the advancement of any socially and economically backward class. Article 15(5) allows the state to make special provisions for backward class or SC and St for admission in private educational institution aided or unaided. Article 16(4) it allows state to reserve vacancies in public services for any backward class of the state that are not adequately represented in public services Article 16(4a)this allows the state to implement reservation in the matter of promotion for SC and ST PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

36. Art 16(4b)unfilled vacancies are considered to be a separate reservation. Article 17 This allows abolishment of Untouchability in any form. Article 40 Provides reservation in 1/3 seats in Panchayatas to Sc/ST Article 46 Educational and economic interest of Sc and ST. Art 164 Appoint special minister for tribal welfare in the state of Mp Bihar and Orissa. Art 275 Allows special grant in aid to sates for tribal welfare Art 330 332 Allows reservation of seats for sc st in the parliament as well as state legislatures . Art 340 Allows the president to appoint a commission to investigate the condition of socially and economically backward class. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

37. Rural society according to 2001 census India has about 1027 million of rural population …..Current populations ?????? • Some of the important features of rural society are as follows • Rural Community with 50 – 60 families in a village . • Community feeling and cooperation ….”we feeling” • Marriage in rural society Marriages are a taboo. Elders play a very important role in the marriage ceremony. • Satus of women in rural India - Inferior status • Social environemnet mutual goodwill among the neighbours. • Unequal status PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

38. Occupation patterns in rural society.- Farm Labourers ,Priest, Black smith ,Carpenter, Washerman Barber, Shoe maker ,Potter and milkman . Income generation By sale of agricultural produce indirect livelihood that is 72% By sale of animal produce By services teachers nurses doctors By interest on investment Government subsidy and grants By mortgage of properties and gold By charities and donation The labour – construction roads bridges. Other income from sale of property agriculture land gold ornaments etc. Find out the urban population growth for the year 2015. It has been seen the level of urban population growth of india is steadily increasing from 11% to 31% in a century. Rural expenditure- The disposable income in rural areas is less than the urban areas …the rural income being seasonal expenditure is also seasonal PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

39. The features of rural spending • The villager gets his return when he gets his produce therefore his spending pattern will be seasonal. • High expenditure from rich farmers Aflluent farmers are cash rich • Purchase increases in religious occasions and marriages large and high value items are purchased during festivals marriages etc Go on to an extent of borrowing loans. • Literacy level- condition of being literate is knowing to read and write . In 1951 literacy in rural areas was 25% • In 1991 males 52% and females to 39% the census does not include children below five years . • In 2001 census of literacy was 65.4% • 60% males and 45% females . • Find out the literacy rate for the year 2011. • Mahatma ghandi believed that india will progress only if its village progress . He introduced a new system called Nai Talim PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

40. Nai Talim : here should be compulsory and free education for all children for seven years. Curriculum must be integrated with handicraft/industry, agriculture, weaving and carpentry were chosen as the main activity depending upon the conditions in the area. It should be based on physical productive labour. Mother tongue should be the medium of instruction The scheme should be self-financing by marketing the products of artisanship. Gandhi believed that Nai Talim is the only way to achieve free primary education for all. The national Literacy Mission is working since 1990 to promote literacy programme in villages The state first attained 100 % literacy rate 100 % women literacy rate Some suggestion to attain 100% literacy rate are as follows – Young boys and girls who attain 100 % literacy rate have to go to the village for 2- 3 months to spread literacy Panchayat was made the nodal center for adult and social education PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

41. Land Distribution – Land can be classified based on • Forest land • Uncultivable land • Land not available for cultivation Military land Industry area human dwelling Roads and railways • Cultivable Land • Classification of land based on topography • Mountain high landsabove 7000 ft altitude 10.7% in india • Hills altitude upto 7000ft 18.6% in India • Plateaus Flat land elevation between 1000ft and 3000 ft 27.7 % in India • Plains – Flat land upto elevation of 1000ft this forms 43% PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

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44. Rural Electrification- The launch of five year development plan in 1951 3000 villages was provided electricity and nearly 21000 irrigation pumpset were set up.1965 -67 drought hit India therefore electricity was provided to icrease the agricultural productivity. Therefore Rural electricity Corporation was set up. • REC was incorporated on July 1969 under the companies Act of 1956. It is wholly owned by the public sector enterprise. • The mission and objective • Is provision of electricity in rural areas of the country of sustainable development and for enrichment of life of the rural and semi urban population. • Operating Highlights • Village electrification- 86.5% villages have been electrified upto March 2001 to 2007 • Pumpsets Energisation- 127 lakh of pump sets were installed out of 196. • Kutir Jyoti – 43.6 single point light connections have been released to the house hold. Providing electricity to people below poverty line. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

45. CIRE – The Central Institute for Rural Electrification established in Hyderabad in 1979 provides Training in Energy Management and Rural Electrification. Rural Communication- The postal Department, the speed post the courier Postal System Have streamlined the activities of communication in rural areas STD AND ISD – Subscriber Trunk dialing and international Subsribers Dialing Has become digitalized No manual Exchange State of art communication facility. Rural Recreation Family Influence Family festivity music or dance Simple – no elaborate arrangements Part of life – after a days hard work Religion and recreation Dramas puppet shows Folk dance music Religious Hymns Indoor and outdoor games Gossip and hooka groups Radio televisions and cinemas . PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

46. Rural credit institutions • Agriculture is a seasonal activity therefore timely availably of credit facility is important . • The rural credit Institutions are listed • Nationalized bank or public sector commercial bank • NAVBARD • Cooperatives • RRB • District central cooperative banks • Farmers service society • Agricultural Credit society • Traders • General money lenders • Rural Requirement • Improved seed s and fertilizers • Increased methods of irrigation • Water availability crop insurance literacy of farmers • Population control • Remuneration for price of milk and milk products

47. Problems of rural society • Education facilities are substandard • Health care needs more attention , child mortality ,poor health and lack of medical care • Drinking water is not pure many villages suffer various type of diseases • Bath room and toilet facilities are yet to be taken care of • Infrastructure – Roads electricity …transportation available for perishable products • Corruption • Due to lack of education rural people cant get into government police and judiciary. • Many villagers become MLA MP but do not care about their villages • Lack of soft skills and education • Lack of rain water harvesting PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

48. Rural - urban transformation • In 1951 we had up to 3000 towns now we have around 5000 town in the year 1991 and increase double. • In 1991 urban area was defined on the following grounds. • All the places having municipality corporation or cantonment board • Minimum Population of 5000 people and at least 75% male population is occupied in non agro • Density of population minimum 400 people per Sq kilometer • cities with more than 10 lakhs population Mumbai Kolkata Delhi Chennai Hyderabad Bangalore Ahmedabad Kanpur and Pune. • Migration reasons : • Employment • Living Standards • Social Reasons Natural Causes PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

49. Gender Discrimination :Violence against women and measures to improve the status of women. • Since the world war two there is an increase in the working population of women. 30 to 50 percent of women can be found in Europe USA and Japan where as in Asia and Africa only 10% women were found • Reasons against women employees • Take more leaves than the men employees drive due to dual role . • Takes long leave for maternity that is once in 2 to 3 years which affects the production and quality • In some areas productivity of women is less compared to that of men so less wages pressure of tough jobs. • Agro sector is another unorganized sector where women employees are unorganized they work equal to that of men but are paid less. • Do not adopt to easily to dress code • Families do not allow woman to work night shift and far away from home • Not consider suitable for travel oriented job • In india woman are treated as supplementary earning memebers PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

50. 9. Rigid traditional families do not allow woman to work • 10.Young woman once after marriage go away wasting the expenditure or training • Violence against women • Poverty ,dependence and lack of job opportunity • Exploitation by family members • Loliness due to widowhood and no marriage. • De to misconduct by men in locality • Violence against woman can be curbed • Mothers should give proper ethics • Avoid going out single at odd times • Parents should keep track of their sons and daughter seeing they are not doing anything wrong • Police action and law process should be swift • Schools should be checked adequately for any wrong doing PRESIDENCY COLLEGE