Nutley High School – Biology 2 nd QUARTER REVIEW

1. Nutley High School – Biology2nd QUARTER REVIEW NJ BIOLOGY COMPETENCE TEST – 2010 Reviews 2010 NJ CCCS in Biology: 5.1.12 A-C, 5.3.12 A1, 5.3.12A2,5.3.12.B.2, 5.3.12A3

2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains all the information to make every protein for our bodies. Structure: 2 parallel strands of nucleotides. A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogen base Bases: A, T, G, C (the bases are complementary)

3. Question #1 A molecule of DNA is a polymer composed of: A. Glucose  B. Amino acids  C. Fatty acids  D. Nucleotides

4. Question #2 A segment of a DNA strand has the following bases: TAC GAT What is the complementary strand of DNA? A. UAG CAU B. TAG CAT C. ATG CTA D. AUG CUA

5. Question #3 The picture shows an X-Ray diffraction of DNA. The X–Ray diffraction of DNA led to the idea that DNA: A. Is a double helix B. Contains paired base C. Can copy itself D. Is a very long molecule

6. Question #4 The presence of DNA is important for cellular metabolic activities because DNA: A. Directs the production of enzymes  B. Is a structural component of cell walls  C. Directly increases the solubility of nutrients  D. Is the major component of cytoplasm

7. Question #5 Tissue samples taken from the heart and stomach of a grasshopper would be expected to have the same: A. Cell shape B. Cell size C. DNA D. Metabolic rate

8. Question #6 The chart shows the range of numbers of nucleotides among species of different groups of plants. Which of these groups has the largest range of nucleotide numbers among its species? A. Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts) B. Lycopsida (club mosses) C. Gymnospermae (cedars and pines) D. Pteropsida (ferns)

10. Question #7 Which series of bases will complete this strand of DNA? A. CCT GAT B. ACT GGC C. GTA GGC D. TCA GGG

11. Question #8 The process of cloning involves making an identical copy of a cell's: A. Cytoplasm B. DNA C. Ribosomes D. ATP

12. Question #9 One strand of DNA could be as long as a football field if it were stretched out lengthwise. One of the factors allowing DNA to fit inside the nucleus of a cell is its ability to: A. Break apart into separate genes B. Extend to form very long, thin molecules C. Denature from the effect of an enzyme D. Coil tightly around associated proteins

13. The Cell Cycle

14. The Phases of the Cell Cycle: • Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • Cytokinesis

15. Interphase – The Cell spends the majority of its life here, growing and functioning. During the S Phase of the Cell Cycle, the DNA replicates, in anticipation of Mitosis (division)

16. In EarlyProphase of Mitosis the Chromosomes get small, centrioles move to the poles of the nucleus, and spindle fibers develop Chromosomes consisting of 2 Sister Chromatids Pair of Centrioles Spindle Fibers

17. Late Prophase happens when the Nuclear Envelope disintegrates and spindle fibers begin to move Chromosomes toward the center of cell. Spindle Fibers Chromosomes

18. During Metaphasethe Chromosomes line up across center of the cell, also called the equator, or Metaphase plate. Spindle Fibers Equator, or Metaphase Plate Chromosomes

19. InAnaphase the Chromatids that make up each Chromosome move apart and travel to opposite ends of cellular spindle Daughter Chromosomes Chromatid Chromosome

20. In Telophase an envelope surrounds each set of Chromatids to form new Nucleus and the Cytoplasm starts to divide Cleavage Furrow

21. Cytokinesis takes place when the Cytoplasm divides and two cells with identical genetic material are formed Daughter Cells

22. Question #10 Which of the following phases takes up most of the cell cycle? A. Interphase B. Prophase C. Mitosis D. Anaphase E. Telophase

23. Question #11 • Mitosis is most important for a kitten’s : • Vision • Respiration • Growth • Metabolism • Cuteness

24. Meiosis • Produces new sex cells (gametes) • Male = Sperm • Female = Eggs • Only occurs in cells of reproductive organs • All other cells undergo mitosis • Haploid sperm and egg fuse to produce a diploid cell • Really 2 consecutive divisions: • Meiosis I • Meiosis II

26. Question #12 - Matching • Complete the matching section on your study guide. • Please note that some answers may be used more than once

27. Question #13 Which term best describes the type of cell division in which parent cells produce daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells? A. Mitosis B. Meiosis C. Spermatogenesis D. Oogenesis

28. Question #14 The body cells of an individual plant have 50 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be found in the gametes produced this plant? A. 5 B. 10 C. 25 D. 50

29. Question #15 Meiosis is the process by which gametes are produced. In which of the following human organs does meiosis occur? A. Liver B. Pancreas C. Skin D. Testis

30. Question #16 Before a cell goes through either mitosis or meiosis, which process must occur within thenucleus? A. Replication B. Nondisjunction C. Transcription D. Translation

31. Protein Synthesis DNA  RNA  Proteins

32. Proteins are made of long chains of amino acids. • DNA must stay in the nucleus…to make proteins, the cell uses RNA. • mRNA- • Function-transmits information from DNA to use during protein synthesis. • CODON-3-base sequence of mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid. • START CODON-tells the ribosome to begin using the mRNA as a template to bring and assemble a chain of amino acids (begin translation). • STOP CODON-tells the ribosome to stop using the mRNA as a template. No more amino acids are brought and assembled Stops translation, ends assembly of the protein Codon Chart

33. tRNA- • Function-transfers amino acids into the growing polypeptide chain in the correct sequence • ANTICODON-3-base sequence that complements (fits into) an mRNA codon. • 2 Parts of Protein Synthesis: • TRANSCRIPTION-mRNA is produced from DNA in the nucleus. • TRANSLATION-the process of reading the mRNA and using it to assemble the amino acid chain. Takes place in ribosome.

34. Question #17 Which mRNA sequence complements the above section of DNA? A. C U A G G A B. T C G A A G C. C T A G G C D. A G C U U C

35. Question #18 This chart compares the base sequences of homologous segments of DNA from three primates. Based on this information, how many differences in the resulting amino acid sequences would you expect to find between humans and chimpanzees? A. 6 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

36. Question #19 One method of determining the classification of an animal is by comparing the amino acid sequence. Which of the animals listed below most closely resembles the unknown animal? A. Horse: Met-Gly-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Arg-Asp-His-Glu-Lys-Asp B. Dog: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-Asp-Glu-Lys-Asp C. Cat: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-His-Arg-Cys-Thre-Asp D. Mouse: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-Glu-Val-Val-Leu Unknown Animal: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-His-Glu-Lys-Asp

37. Question #20 Amino acids link together by peptide bonds to form proteins. In which cellular organelle would this process occur? • Nucleus • Ribosome • Golgi Apparatus • Lysosome

38. Question #21 Which of these is most responsible for carrying coded information from the nucleus? • Ribosomes • Cell membrane • mRNA • ATP

39. Question #22 After a culture of cells is allowed to multiply and is viewed through a microscope, the cells are X-rayed with high-energy radiation for less than 1/100th of a second. After the radiation, many newly reproduced cells appear different. What has probably occurred? • Differentiation • Bacterial infection • Contamination • Mutation

40. Genetics

41. Mendel’s Postulates • PRINCIPLE (LAW) OF DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE • One factor in a pair may mask, or cover up, the other factor • DOMINANT (allele)-can mask or dominate the other factor and is displayed most often. • RECESSIVE (allele)-the factor that can be covered up; is displayed less often. • GENE- a segment of DNA that codes for a specific characteristic (protein). • Ex: Gene that codes for plant height • ALLELE-the different forms of a gene (Mendel’s “factor”) • Ex: Different versions of plant height gene: tall or short • PRINCIPLE (LAW) OF SEGREGATION • The two alleles for a gene are split up (or segregated) during meiosis (the formation of eggs or sperm). • PRINCIPLE (LAW) OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT • The alleles for different traits are distributed into gametes independently (randomly).

42. Genetics Terms to Know: • TRAIT- specific hereditary options available for each characteristic. • Ex: tall height/short height, brown hair/blonde hair, brown eyes/blue eyes • GENOTYPE-the genetic makeup of an organism; the combination of alleles an organism inherits • PHENOTYPE-the trait displayed based on the genotype • HOMOZYGOUS- organism has 2 of the same alleles for a trait. • Homozygous Dominant-has 2 dominant alleles; dominant trait is displayed • Homozygous Recessive-has 2 recessive alleles; recessive trait is displayed • HETEROZYGOUS-organism has 1 dominant and 1 recessive allele; the dominant trait is displayed.

44. Question #23 An inheritable mutation may occur if an organism has a change in its: A. appendages B. internal organs C. DNA structure D. ATP production rates

45. Question #24 External sources, such as radiation or chemicals, can cause mutations in genes or entire chromosomes. For a mutation to pass on to offspring, it must occur in a: • Bone Cell • Muscle Cell • Brain Cell • Gamete

46. Question #25 In snapdragons, the combined expression of both alleles for flower color produces a new phenotype that is pink. This illustrates incomplete dominance. The Punnett square above shows that both the white and red snapdragons are homozygous. Which of the following would be the correct product from a cross between two heterozygous pink snapdragons? A.   Red, white, and pink offspring B.    All pink offspring C.   All red offspring D. Only red and white offspring

47. Question #26 The chances of developing cancer, diabetes, or sickle-cell anemia are higher if a family member also has the disorder because they are: • Passed through blood contact • Related to diet • Genetically based • Highly infectious

48. Question #27 The Human Genome Project was begun in 1988 by scientists from 13 nations as a worldwide effort to understand the sequencing of all of the DNA in the human body. What is one potential scientific benefit of this research? a. It will help to explain human cultural differences b. It will create communication between research centers c. It will help find the genes responsible for many diseases d. It helps to classify humans most accurately in the animal kingdom

49. Question #28 • Two plants are crossed, and the traits of height and color are assessed in the offspring. The following cross was conducted: TTPP x ttpp. T = dominant allele for height, tall plant t = recessive allele for height, short plant P = dominant allele for color, purple p = recessive allele for color, white • Which of the following choices correctly describes the offspring? • ¾ of the plants are short and white • ¾ of the plants are tall and purple • All are tall and purple • All are short and white

50. Question #29 Several matings between the same male black guinea pig and female brown guinea pig produce a total of 12 brown and 14 black guinea pigs. If black is dominant and brown is recessive, what are the genotypes of the parents? a. BB × bb b. Bb × bb c. BB × Bb d. Bb × Bb