The United States looks Overseas

1. The United States looks Overseas Chapter 20

2. Eyes on the Pacific • For 250 years, Japan was closed to outside trade • In 1853, Commodore Matthew C. Perry, sailed into Tokyo Bay and presented the Japanese with a letter from the President for trading rights. • This treaty was approved • The Japanese were in awe of the powerful ships and guns. • This caused Japan to change from a feudal society to an industrial nation.

3. Eyes on the Pacific • In 1867, Russia sold Alaska to the United States. • Twice the size of Texas • Purchased for $7.2 million, 2 cents an acre • Gold was found in later years

4. Eyes on the Pacific • The Expansionist Mood • The United States was generally Isolationist. • Many European countries had become imperialists. • Americans debated over manifest destiny that expanded overseas • The Turner Thesis-Frederick Jackson Turner claimed that the western frontier had defined American history • Overseas expansion was the new frontier

5. Eyes on the Pacific • The US had a strong industrial economy. • It was argued that for strong trade, they would need a strong navy • Spreading Anglo-Saxon race. Thought that they were superior to other nations

6. Eyes on the Pacific • Gaining footholds in the Pacific • US were interested in Samoa in the South Pacific. • They wanted to set up Coaling stations • Britain and Germany were also interested. • Eventually the US and Germany divided the islands • .

7. Eyes on the Pacific • Hawaii could serve as a ‘military and commercial outpost in the Pacific” • Queen Liliuokalani did not want foreign influence in Hawaii • In 1898, William McKinley decided to annex Hawaii. • He supported a treaty

8. Eyes on the Pacific • Carving up China • In the Late 1800’s china just finished an unsuccessful war. • Europe and Japan split China into Spheres of Influence • Open Door Policy- Wanted other countries to guarantee the rights of all nations to trade with china on an Equal basis. • Claimed this to be a success

9. Eyes on the Pacific • Boxer Rebellion • Secret society-Righteous and Harmonious Fists. • Began a rebellion to expel the foreigners. • Backed by the Chinese Gov’t. • Attacked and killed westerners and Chinese Christians • Outside powers sent troops with modern weapons, freed the trapped foreigners, crushed the rebellion, looted the capital and killed thousands of Chinese. • A second Open Door policy was issued. Repeated open trade

10. The Spanish American War • War Clouds Loom • Cuba had been under Spanish rule since 1492. • They were becoming more discontent with Spain’s harsh rule. • In 1868, the Cubans began an uprising. • When the Cubans rose up, the Spanish had begun reconcentration. • Jose Marti urged the US to help the rebels.

11. The Spanish American War • Americans were sympathetic to the Cuban Rebels • Many wanted the US government to intervene to oust the Spanish • Many wanted to intervene for economic reasons • President William McKinley tried to maintain neutrality. • New York World & New York Journal used yellow journalism for stories and headlines.

12. The Spanish American War • “Remember the Maine” • When fighting broke out in Havana, Cuba, President McKinley ordered the Battleship Maine to protect American lives and property. • On February 15, 1898 a great explosion sank this ship and killed 260 men. • The press and public blamed the Spanish

13. The Spanish American War • The United States Goes to War • President McKinley gave into public pressure and asked Congress to declare war on Spain, they approved • The first battle was fought in Manila Bay in the Philippines. • Theodore Roosevelt, Secretary of the Navy, wanted to expand the US Navy. • Ordered Commodore George Dewey moved his ships and sank the entire Spanish squadron

14. The Spanish American War • Dewey enlisted Emilio Aguinaldo to help him seize Manila from the Spanish. • The United States had gained control of the Philippine Islands • The fighting in Cuba took place around Santiago and at sea. • The Rough Riders, led by Theodore Roosevelt, helped to lead his men to success • The Spanish surrendered Cuba, and then the US invaded Puerto Rico, another Spanish possession and took control

15. The Spanish American War • An American Empire • Dec of 1898, Spain and US signed a peace treaty. • Gave the US Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and Wake, US paid $20 million to Spain • Many people disagreed with the colonies • Expansionists welcomed the treaty. • The Senate ratified the treaty in 1899.

16. The Spanish American War • The US forced Cuba to limit their power to make treaties or borrow money, US could intervene in Cuban affairs, allow the US to keep a naval base • Not truly free. • Cuba was a protectorate • The Foraker Act set up government in Puerto Rico. • Gave them LIMITED self rule • The Philippines wanted to become independent from the US. • They fought a 3 year war. When Aguinaldo was captured, fighting ended • Would not get independence until 1946.

17. The United States and Latin America • Linking the Oceans • The trip around the tip of South America took more then 2 months • A shorter route to link the Atlantic and Pacific oceans was needed • The Isthmus of Panama is 50 miles wide. • President Theodore Roosevelt offered Colombia $10 million in cash and $250,000 yearly rent to build a canal through Panama

18. The United States and Latin America • Columbians thought they deserved more money, they held out for more money • The Panamanians charged a revolt against the Colombians • Gunboat Diplomacy • US signed a treaty with the independent Republic of Panama for the permanent use the canal.

19. The United States and Latin America • The Panama Canal • The greatest obstacle of building the canal was Malaria and Yellow Fever • People thought that these diseases came from damp night air • Two doctors discovered that Yellow Fever and Malaria were transmitted from certain kinds of mosquitoes. • The solution was to clear the brush and drain the swamps, nearly wiped out the diseases.

20. The United States and Latin America • There were 3 tasks to build the dam • Cut through a mountain • Dam a river • Install the canal’s giant locks • The hardest part was digging the Gaillard Cut, a 9 mile ditch through the mountains. • They worked trough the tropical sun and heat or in drenching rainstorms • There were mudslides

21. The United States and Latin America • Wielding a “Big Stick” in Latin America • “Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far.” • The United States wanted to be the leader of the Western Hemisphere • Theodore Roosevelt wrote the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. • The right to use force to prevent intervention in Latin America

22. The United States and Latin America • William Howard Taft favored “Dollar Diplomacy” • Led to as many military interventions as “Big Stick” • U.S. sent Marines into countries to protect investments • Latin American countries resented the interference

23. The United States and Latin America • Relations with Mexico • Woodrow Wilson believed foreign policy should aim to support and nurture democracy throughout the world. • Used “Watchful Waiting” • U.S. soldiers were arrested, set free and apologized to. • U.S. sent the Navy to the port • 100+ Mexicans died, U.S. and Mexico were close to war

24. The United States and Latin America • Pancho Villa and his rebels crossed into New Mexico and killed 18 Americans • Mexico reluctantly worked with the U.S. to pursue Pancho Villa • The U.S. withdrew without Villa after 11 months