NUTRITION AND IMMUNIZATION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS

1. NUTRITION AND IMMUNIZATION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS

2. 5 A’s for Organizational Construct for Clinical Counseling • Ask about risky health behaviors (lifestyles) and consider factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, presence or absence of co-morbidities, literacy, etc. that would impact the choice of behavioral change goals/methods. • Advise Provide clear, specific, individualized behavior-change advice including personalized information about the risk/benefit of lifestyle change. Advice messages from the physician can be brief (30– 60 seconds), especially if provided in a team care context.

3. 5 A’s for Organizational Construct for Clinical Counseling • Arrange Regularly scheduled follow-up in person or by phone/fax/email offers continual support and allows for adjustment of the treatment plan, as the patient’s condition, interest, and motivation level changes. After initial follow-up, contact is spaced based on intervention outcomes/patient need for reinforcement. Referral to more intensive/specialized treatment may be indicated as co-morbidities develop or environmental/support systems change.

4. 5 A’sFor Organizational Construct for Clinical Counseling • Agree Treatment goals are mutually negotiated and selected based on the patient’s interest in and readiness to change problem behaviors, and after consideration of treatment options, probable outcomes, and patient preference. • Assist The physician, either directly, via office staff or by referral ensures that self-management skills are taught and problem-solving/coping skills development is encouraged to facilitate skills advancement, maintenance, and relapse prevention For patients not ready to commit to a specific behavioral change in the immediate future, assistance in the form of strategies that explore ambivalence can help to move patients along the change continuum.

5. Stages of Change • Precontemplation No intention to change behavior in the foreseeable future • Contemplation Aware that a problem exists and are seriously thinking about overcoming it but have not yet made a commitment to take action • Preparation Intending to take action in the next month • Action Modifying behavior, experiences, or environment in order to overcome their problems • Maintenance Working to prevent relapse and consolidate the gains attained during action. This stage extends from six months to an indeterminate period past the initial action.

6. Encouraging Healthy Eating Habits in Preschool Chidren • Try to dine as a family whenever possible. • Limit TV/computer time to less than 2 hours/day. • Encourage your child to be physically active (children need at least one hour of activity/day). • Offer family activities to promote exercise.

7. Encouraging Healthy Eating Habits in Preschool Chidren • Do not use dessert as a reward ( ‘ finish your vegetables or you won’t have dessert’)-dessert is part of the meal and should be no more desired than the meal itself. • Serve healthy desserts when possible. • When a child says they have finished, allow them to take their plate to the sink and return to the table while parents finish. Appropriate activities or books will allow the child to enjoy this time. • Keep a cabinet full of healthy snacks for the child’s choosing at snack time.

8. Encouraging Healthy Eating Habits in Preschool Chidren • Serve fruits and vegetables every day at meals and snacks. Keep canned fruit such as pineapple, peaches and mandarin oranges in their own juice on hand for quick snacks. • Provide milk (low-fat for children over 2 years) and water for meals or snacks. Limit juice to 100-160 g/ day. • Do not be afraid to say no to junk food, chips, soda, candy or sweets. • Serve small portions on small plates and small cups. Let the child regulate his or her own intake. Serving large portions and insisting on a ‘ clean plate’ can lead to overeating and the loss of self-regulation. • .

9. Energy and Protein Requirements Energy(kcal/day) Protein(g/day) • AgeMalesFemalesMalesFemales • 0-6 mon 570 520 9.1 9.1 • 7-12 mon 743 676 11.0 11.0 • 1-2 yrs 1046 992 13 13 • 3-8 yrs 1742 1642 19 19 • 9-13 yrs 2279 2071 34 34 • 14-18 yrs 3152 2368 52 46

10. Recommendations for Weight and Length Gain in Healthy Children WeightLength • Age (g/day) (cm/month) 3 months 25-35 2.6-3.5 • 3-6 months 15-21 1.6-2.5 • 6-12 months 10-13 1.2-1.7 • 1-3 years 4-10 0.7-1.1 • 4-6 years 5-8 0.5-0.8 • 7-10 years 5-12 0.4-0.6

11. Effectiveness of Medical Nutrition Therapy EndpointExpectedoutcomeWhentoevaluate • Glycemiccontrol A1C 1-2 unit(15-22%)decrease 6 weeksto 3 mon. Plasmafasting 50-100 mg/dLdecrease glucose • Lipids T.Cholesterol 24-32 mg/dL(10-16%) 6 weeks; ifgoals not achieved,intensify nutritiontherapyand evaluateagain in 6 weeks LDL cholesterol 19-25 mg/dL(12-16%) decrease Triglycerides 15-17mg/dL(8%) decrease HDL cholesterolWith no exercise:7% decrease Withexercise:No decrease Bloodpressure 5mmHg decrease in systolicand 2mmHg decrease in diastolicMeasure at everyvisit (in hypertensivepatients)

12. Guidelines for Avoiding Hypoglycemic Symptoms 1.Eat small meals, with snacks between meals and at bedtime. 2.Spread the intake of carbohydrate foods throughout the day. Carbohydrate foods include starches,fruits and fruit juices,milk and yogurt, and foods containing sugars. 3. Avoid foods that contain large amounts of carbohydrate. 4.Avoid foods and beverages containing caffeine.

13. Guidelines for Avoiding Hypoglycemic Symptoms • 5. Limit or avoid alcoholic beverages. If an individual chooses to drink alcohol, it should be in moderation and food should always be eaten along with the alcoholic beverage • 6.Decrease fat intake. Decreasing fat intake also helps to weight loss.Excess weight interferes with the body’s ability to use insuline.

14. Medical Nutrition Therapy for GERD • Limit intake of high fat, high calorie meals. • Eat smaller meals more frequently during the day. • Drink most fluids between meals rather than with meals. • Increase intake of high fiber foods, such as fruits and vegetables,and whole grains.

15. Medical Nutrition Therapy for GERD • Sit up or take a walk after eating. Lying down after a meal can worsen symptoms. • Limit foods that worsen symptoms, such as alcohol, chocolate, coffee, or caffeine-containing beverages, mint, citrus fruits, tomato products, spicy foods, or carbonated beverages.

16. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Peptic Ulcer Disease • Limit intake of caffeine containing beverages and foods including coffee like tea, iced teas, colas, and chocolate. • Avoid alcohol, especially on empty stomach. • Eat three small meals per day.

17. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Peptic Ulcer Disease • Don’t skip meals. • Avoid eating spicy foods, fried foods, and citrus fruits as these foods may worsen symotoms • Avoid other foods or drinks that cause discomfort.

18. TipstoDecreaseGasandBloating • Certain foods can produce excess gas during digestion. Various foods effect people in different ways. The following diet tips may improve symptoms. • Foods that may cause gas: • Beans, cabbage, cauliflower, brussel sprouts, broccoli, asparagus, peppers, cucumbers, onions, garlic, radishes, sauerkraut • Raw apples, avocado, melon • Eggs, fried and fatty foods, carbonated beverages • Swallowing air may also cause excess gas: • Eat slowly, avoid chewing gum, carbonated beverages,and smoking.

19. Nutritional Recommendations for UTI • 1) Maintain adequate fluid intake of 8 cups of water, juice, milk, or other beverages. Tea and coffee can be considered part of fluide intake. • 2) Recommend two water glasses of cranberry juice every day; 10-12 hours apart for UTI-susceptible individuals. • 3) Increase intake of dairy products such as yogurt. • 4) Improve overall quality of food intake by increasing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, poultry, olive or canola oil, and nuts.

20. Dietary CounselingIssues by Age and Diseases • InfantsFlouride,iron,caloriesforgrowth,development • ChildrenFlouride,iron,Ca,caloriesforgrowth,development • TeenagersIron,Ca,caloriesforpubertaldevolopment • PregnancyFolate,iron,Ca.appropriateweigthgain • AlcoholismFolate,thiamin,vit.B12,calories • AnemiaIron,vit.B12,folate • AscitesSodium,protein,fluid • Beriberi Thiamin • CancerAdequatecaloriesand protein,vit.,minerals,fiber • COPD Vit.D,Ca,weightloss,calories • DiabetesCarbohydrates,sat.fat,cholesterol,calories,fiber

21. Dietary Counseling Issues by Age and Disease • Hyperlipidemia Sat.fat,monounsat.fat,choles.,folate,fiber • Hypertension Na,Ca,K,alcohol,total calories • Kidney stone Ca,oxalate,uric acid,protein,Na,fluid • Liver disease Protein,Na,fluid • Malabsorption Vitamins A,D,E,K,fat • Obesity Total calories,saturated fat • Osteoporosis Vitamin D and calcium

22. Dietary Counseling Issues by Age and Disease • PellegraNiacin • Renalfailure Protein,Na,K,phosphorus,fluid • Rickets Vitamin D,calcium • Scurvy Vitamin C • Vegetarian Protein,Vitamin B12,iron,calcium

23. Key Diet History Questions for Brief Intervention • Questions for all patients • How many meals and snacks do you eat everyday? • How often do you eat out? What kind of restaurants? • What do you like to drink during the day, including alcohol? How many glasses? How often do you eat fruits and vegetables? • How often do you eat dairy products? Low fat or regular type? • Do you usually finish what is on your plate or leave food? • How often do you exercise, including walking?

24. Key Diet History Questions for Brief Intervention • In addition to the questions above • Questions for patients with dislipidemia • How often do you eat fatty meats? (hot dogs, sausage, salami, pastrami) • How often do you eat fish? How is it prepared? • What do you spread on your bread? • What types of fats do you use in cooking? • What types of snacks and desserts do you eat ?

25. Key Diet History Questions for Brief Intervention • Questions for patients with high blood pressure • Do you use a salt shaker at the table or in cooking? • Do you read food labels for sodium content? (<400 mg/serving permitted) • How often do you eat canned, smoked, frozen and prepared foods?

26. Key Diet History Questions for Brief Intervention • Questions for patients with diabetes mellitus • What time do you take your diabetes medication (including insulin)? • What time do you eat your meals and snacks? • Do you ever skip meals during the day? • How many servings of starchy foods such as breads, careals, pastas, corn, peas, or beans do you eat during a typical day?

27. Dietary Triggers for Migraine Headaches • Offending food or behavior Chemical trigger • Cheese Tyramine • Chocolate Phenylethyamine, theobromine • Citrus fruits Phenolic amines, octopamine • Hot dogs,cured meats Nitrites,nitric oxide • Dairy foods Allergenic proteins(casein)

28. Dietary Triggers for Migraine Headaches • Offending food or behavior Chemical trigger • Fatty and fried foods Linoleic and oleic fatty acids • Food dyes,additives Tartrazine,sulfites • Artificial sweetener Aspartame • Wine,beer Histamine,tyramine,sulfites • Caffeineated beverages Caffeine withdrawal • Fasting,skipping meals Hypoglycemia,stress hormone release • Inadequate sleep

29. Treatment Protocols by Body Mass Index • BMI Diet Exercise Behavior Pharm Surgery • 25-30 x x x • 27-30 RF x x x x • 30-40 x x x x • 35-40 RF x x x x x • ≥ 40 x x x x x

30. Sources of DietaryFat • More atherogenic: Saturated fatty acids • Beef, Pork, Veal,Lamb, • Hydrogenated vegetable oils • Cocoabutter, coconut oil, palm oil

31. Sources of DietaryFat • 2.Lessatherogenic: Unsaturatedfattyacids • A) Polyunsaturatedfattyacids • a) omega-6 fattyacids: corn,safflower, sunflower, soybean • b) omega-3 fattyacids: fish, flaxseed, soybean, marinevegetation • B) Monounsaturatedfattyacids: olive-oil, canolaoil, nuts, avocado • B) Monounsaturatedfattyacids: olive-oil, canolaoil, nuts, avocado

32. Immunization In Childhood

33. Immunization in Childhood • DaBT-IPA-Hib : Diphteria,tetanus,pertussis,inactivated polio,Haemophilus influenza type B • MMR :Measles, mumps, rubella

34. Immunization in Aduts Age 19-26 27-49 50-59 60-64 ≥65 Influenza __________________ every year(1) Tatanus,diphteria, Pertussis __________________ every 10 years(1) Varicella ___2 dose(1) HPV __3 dose (women)(1) Zoster __________________________________________1 dose(1) MMR ________ 1 or 2 dose(1)_______________1 dose(2) Pneumococcal__ 1 or 2 dose(2)___________________________________1 dose(1) Hepatitis A_____ 2 dose(2) Hepatitis B_____ 3 dose(2) Meningococcus_ 1 or more(2)

35. Immunization in Aduts • 1. Allindividuals in thisagegroupwhoare not immunized • 2. Individualswith risk factors ( medical, occupational)