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METABOLISM…..what is yours?. Calculate Basal Metabolic Rate (calories burned to stay alive each day) Adult Women: 65.5 + (4.3 x weight in pounds) + (4.7 x height in inches) - (4.7 x age in years) Adult Men: 66 + (6.3 x weight in pounds) + (12.9 x height in inches) - (6.8 x age in years)
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METABOLISM…..what is yours? Calculate Basal Metabolic Rate (calories burned to stay alive each day) Adult Women:65.5 + (4.3 x weight in pounds) + (4.7 x height in inches) - (4.7 x age in years) Adult Men:66 + (6.3 x weight in pounds) + (12.9 x height in inches) - (6.8 x age in years) Choose an active modifier 1.25 if you are lightly active. 1.40 if you exercise almost every day. 1.60 if you are a full time construction worker, or professional athlete. (BMR) x (Activity Modifier) = Active Metabolic Rate IF you WANT TO LOOSE WEIGHT, what do you HAVE to do?
Metabolism, energy, and life • METABOLISM…..total chemical reactions in an organism. • Anabolic pathway…..synthesizing complex molecules. • Ex: Synthesis of proteins • Catabolic pathway….release energy by breaking complex molecules down. • Ex: cellular respiration
ENERGY • Energy…capacity to do work. • Potential (stored) • Kinetic (moving) • Thermodynamics…..energy transformations study. • 1ST LAW….energy can’t be created or destroyed. • 2ND LAW….every energy transformation INCREASES the entrOPY of the universe. ENTROPY…a quantitative measure of DISORDER or randomness. ENTHALPY…a measure of energy ASSOCIATED with a system. • WHAT IS MEANT BY THIS SENTENCE? • By combining the first and second laws of thermodynamics, we can conclude that the QUANTITY of energy in the universe is constant, but its QUALITY is not.
Free Energy and Metabolism • Free Energy-the portion of a system’s energy that can perform work • Exergonic reactions-a net release of energy. • Endergonic reactions-absorbs free energy from the environment
ATP • Immediate source of cellular energy • Common to ALL living things • Made by each cell • 107 molecules used and regenerated/second/cell
Cells do not have enough energy! • Solved by use of enzymes
Environmental EFFECTS • pH and temperature-optimum for best results • Denature (high & low temp; 37 = optimum temp) • Cofactors • Bound tightly to active site • Bound loosely or reversely to substrate • If organic called coenzyme • Inhibitors • can be competitive (block substrates) • noncompetitive (doesn’t block enzyme but changes shape)
Regulation • Problem-enzymes work too well • Allosteric regulation • Allosteric site is a receptor site on part of an enzyme separate from the active site. • Feedback inhibition • There is a second binding site on the enzyme where the inhibitor binds, & inhibitor is not necessarily similar in structure to the substrate. • The absence or presence of the inhibitor at this second binding site activates or deactivates the enzyme. • The inhibitor is usually the product of a reaction farther on down the metabolic pathway.
Comparing FEEDBACK & INHIBITION • In competitive inhibition the inhibitor is similar in structure to the substrate and binds to the enzyme at the active site, preventing the substrate from binding. • In feedback inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the enzyme at a site away from the active site and acts by altering the shape of the enzyme in such a way that it is incapable of catalyzing the reaction. • Feedback inhibition is a natural part of the process by which an organism regulates the chemical reactions that take place in its cells. In that sense it is done on purpose. • Competitive inhibition usually involves inhibitors, commonly called poisons, that do not belong in the cell.
Evolution of Energy converting processes • Substrate-levelphosphorylation: direct transfer of a phosphate from “food” to ADP • Chemiosmosis: establishment of a proton gradient and subsequent conversion of Proton Motive Force into ATP