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English for Academic Reading and Writing

English for Academic Reading and Writing. Chin-cheng Huang ( 黃金誠 ) Fooyin University Department of Applied Foreign Languages cchuang@mail.npust.edu.tw. ESP Classification by Professional Area. EGP English for (academic) science and technology

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English for Academic Reading and Writing

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  1. English for Academic Reading and Writing Chin-cheng Huang (黃金誠) Fooyin University Department of Applied Foreign Languages cchuang@mail.npust.edu.tw

  2. ESP Classification by Professional Area EGP English for (academic) science and technology EAP English for (academic) medical purposes English for (academic) legal purposes ESP English for management, finance and economics E for professional purposes E for medical p EOP E for business p E for vocational purposesPre-vocational E Vocational E

  3. The Pyramid of English Proficiency Academic performance Translation expertise Speaking 說 active skills Writing 寫 creative skills Listening 聽 passive skills Reading 讀 receptive skills Vocabulary 字彙：2000 word families Grammar 文法：Basic sentence pattern

  4. Technological Students’ Problems They lack: confidence motivation Interesting They have limited English competence.

  5. Solutions • Need analysis • Focus on what you need • Constantly reading and writing • Apply what you know to decode what you don’t know • Increase your vocabulary knowledge • Happy learning

  6. Influence of Vocabulary Size on Reading Comprehension • Hu and Nation (2000): Even reading a fiction text for pleasure, a reader should possess approximately 98% coverage of the vocabulary in a reading text. • Nation and Hwang (1995): Two thousand word families of general service vocabulary and the University Word List (UWL) might cover about 95% running words in general academic texts.

  7. Influence of Vocabulary Size on Reading Comprehension • Laufer (1989, 1992): An L2 reader had to recognize 95% (around 3,000 high-frequency words) of the running words of a general text; s/he then can correctly gain adequate information from the reading text. • Hirsh and nation (1992): A reader who is able to read novels for pleasure should know 95%-98% of the running words (about 5,000 words families).

  8. Vocabulary Knowledge • High-frequency words • Academic words • Technical words • Low-frequency words

  9. Word Acquisition • 2,000 sight words • Alphabetic order • Belongings/Topic • Parts of speech • Word family • Affix, suffix • Word roots • Compound words • From know words to unknown words

  10. Alphabetic Order (2) • J—jacket, jam, January, jazz, jealous, jeans, jeep, job, jog, join, joke, journalist, joy, judge, juice, July, jump, June, junior high school, just • K—kangaroo, keep, ketchup, key, kick, kid, kill, kilogram, kilometer, kind, kindergarten, king, kingdom, kiss, kitchen, kite, kitten, knee, knife, knock, know, knowledge, koala

  11. Belonging/Topics (1) • 1. People • --- adult, baby, boy, child, couple, customer, fool, genius, gentleman, giant, girl, guest, guy, hero, host, kid, king, lady, male, man, master, neighbor, partner, people, person, prince, princess, queen, stranger, teenager, visitor, woman, youth • 9. Money • --- bill, cash, cent, change, coin, credit card, dollar, money, price • --- borrow, buy, charge, cost, earn, lend, pay, spend • --- cheap, expensive

  12. Belonging/Topics (2) • 10. Food & drink • --- fruit, apple, banana, grape, guava, lemon, mango, orange, papaya, peach, pear, pineapple, strawberry , tangerine, tomato, watermelon. • --- vegetable, bean, cabbage, carrot, corn, lettuce, nut, onion, potato, pumpkin, meat • --- beef, bread, bun, burger, cereal, chicken, dumpling, egg, fastfood, fish, flour, food, French fries, ham, hamburger, hotdog, instant noodle, noodle, pizza, pork, rice, salad, sandwich, seafood, shrimp, soup, spaghetti, steak, tofu • --- breakfast, brunch, dinner, lunch, meal,snack, supper • --- beer, coffee, Coke, drink, ice, juice, liquid, milk, milk shake, soda, soft drink, tea, water • --- cake, candy, cheese, chocolate, cookie, dessert, doughnut, ice cream, moon cake, pie, popcorn, toast • --- butter, ketchup, cream, jam, oil, pepper, soy-sauce, salt, sugar, vinegar • --- hungry, full, thirsty • --- bitter, delicious, hot, sour, sweet, yummy • --- bake, boil, burn, cook, eat, order • --- menu, diet

  13. Belonging/Topics (3) • 37. Other adverbs • --- always, ever, never, often, seldom, sometimes, usually • --- actually, again, also, away, too, almost, altogether, especially, even, finally, hardly, least, maybe, nearly, perhaps, probably, rather, really, so, still, then, together,very,quite, yet • --- aloud • --- abroad, ahead, everywhere, anywhere, somewhere • --- either, neither, no, nor, not, yes (yeah)

  14. Parts of speech (1) Articles & Determiners a, an, the, this, that, those, my, our, your, his, her, its, their Pronouns & reflexives I, me, we, us, you,…. all, another, any, anybody, anyone…. mine, ours, yours, hers, theirs myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves….

  15. Parts of speech (2) Wh-word How, what, which, who, whose, when, where, whether, while, why Be & Auxiliaries am, do, could…. Prepositions about, above, across, after…. Conjunctions Although, and, as, because, but, however, if....

  16. Parts of speech (3) Interjections hello, hey, hi, oh, oops, uh-uh, wow…. Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs

  17. Word family • be含be, been, being, am, are, is, was, were • Defer, deferred, deferring, deference, deferent, deferents • Survive, survives, survived, surviving, survival, survivals, survivor, survivors, survivor’s, survivalist, survivalists, survivability

  18. Affix Ab, abs-- (away, from) Abdicate, abnormal, abominate, aboriginal, abrupt, absence, absolute, absolve, absorb, abstract, abundant, abuse Uni-- (one) Uniform, unify, union, unique, unison, unit, unite, unity, universal, universe

  19. Suffix • Abolish, accomplish, admonish, anguish, astonish, banish, blandish, blemish, brandish, burnish, cherish, demolish, diminish, dish, distinguish, embellish, establish, extinguish, famish, finish, refinish, fish, overfish, flourish, furnish, refurbish, garnish, impoverish, languish, lavish, nourish, undernourish, perish, pish, plenish, deplenish, replenish, polish, publish, republish, punish, ravish, relinquish, relish, skirmish, tarnish, vanish, evanish, vanquish, varnish, whish, wish, unwish.

  20. Word Roots (1) --ane”烷” bane—bugbane, carbane, fleabane, henbane, murbane, ratsbane, urbane, inurbane cane—arcane, chicane, hurricane, sugarcane Dane fane--profane lane—air lane, plane, sealane mane—balletomane, humane pane--marchpane sane--insane vane—dogvane, paravane wane

  21. Root words (2) see vis look spect hear audi say dict speak log speak loqu speak parl speak fabl, fabul language lingu tongue glot, gloss letter liter read leg write scrib, script write scrib, cript paint pict laugh rib, ris blow flat breathe spir, hal will vol, volunt know sci, cogn (Adopted from 蔣爭(1990)。飛越英文單字計憶難關：英文單字分解記憶法。台北：笛藤。)

  22. Compound words • bakehouse, bathhouse, boathouse, beerhouse, blockhouse, bordinghouse, cavehouse, chophouse, clubhouse, coffeehouse, countinghouse, cowhouse, customhouse, deckhouse, dyehouse, farmhouse, firehouse, flophouse, gashouse, greenhouse, guardhouse, guesthouse, guesthouse, icehouse, lighthouse, outhouse, packhouse, packinghouse, penthouse, pesthouse, playhouse, poorhouse, pothouse, porterhouse, powerhouse, roadhouse, showhouse, smokehouse, statehouse, storehouse, sugarhouse, summerhouse, teahouse, tollhouse, treasurehouse, warehouse, washhouse, weighthouse, wheelhouse, White House, workhouse. (pp.674-75)

  23. From Known words to Unknown words book 1. 書 2. 卷 3. 唱詞腳本 4. 帳冊 keep books 記帳 5. 支票簿 6. 記載賭注的帳冊

  24. Academic Words • Coxhead’s Academic Words List (AWL): 570 words • Nation’s University Words List (UWL): 868 words

  25. Grammar (A) Types of Sentence 1. Declarative sentence 2. Interrogative sentence 3. Imperative sentence 4. Exclamatory sentence 5. Simple sentence 6. Compound sentence 7. Complex sentence 8. Compound-complex sentence

  26. Grammar (B) Parts of Speech: • Nouns (n.) • Verbs (V.) • Pronouns (pron.) • Adjectives (adj.) • Adverbs (adv.) • Articles • Prepositions (prep.) • Conjunctions (conj.) • Demonstrative (Dem.)

  27. Grammar (C) • NP (noun phrase) • VP (Verb phrase) • AP (Adjective phrase) • PP (Preposition phrase)

  28. Reading Strategies (1) • Getting an overview from abstracts; • Checking the keywords; • Using all the features of the text such as titles, headings, typeface(字體), tables and figures ; • Skimming for content and meaning; • Scanning for specifics; • Identifying organizational patterns;

  29. Reading Strategies (2) 7.Understanding relations within a sentence and between sentences; 8. Using cohesive markers; 9. Predicting, inferring, and guessing; 10. Identifying main ideas, supporting ideas and details (examples); 11. Processing and evaluating the information during reading; 12. Taking notes.

  30. Getting an Overview from Abstracts Abstract Managers in the service sector are under pressure to demonstrate that their services are customer-focused and that continuous performance improvement is being delivered. It is essential that customer expectations are properly understood and measured under the constraints that organizations must manage. The majority of the work to date has attempted to use the SERVQUAL (service quality) methodology in an effort to measure service quality. In this study, firstly the concept and factors of service quality are examined. Then a fuzzy AHP (analytic hierarchy process) is structured to evaluate the proposed service quality framework. A case study in healthcare sector in Turkey is presented to clarify the methodology.

  31. Checking the Keywords • Service quality; SERVQUAL; Healthcare quality; Fuzzy AHP • A recommender mechanism based on case-based reasoning Chen-Shu Wanga, , Heng-Li Yang Keywords • Recommender mechanism; Case-based reasoning; Multiple stage reasoning; Genetic algorithm; Artificial intelligence application

  32. Using All the Features of the Text • Titles: Strategic analysis of healthcare service quality using fuzzy AHP methodology Gülçin Büyüközkan, Gizem Çifçi, Sezin Güleryüz Expert Systems with ApplicationsVolume 38, Issue 8, August 2011, Pages 9407–9424

  33. Using All the Features of the Text Title: • A framework for designing robust food supply chains Jelena V. Vlajic, ,Jack G.A.J. van derVorst , RenéHaijema • International Journal of Production Economics • Volume 137, Issue 1, May 2012, Pages 176–189 • Analysis of outsourcing cost-effectiveness using a linear programming model with fuzzy multiple goals Wang, Earl Juei1; Chen, Yen Chun1; Wang, Wen Shi1; Su, Tai Sheng2 International Journal of Production Research, Volume 48, Number 2, January 2010 , pp. 501-523(23)

  34. Using All the Features of the Text (Headings & subheadings) • A Study of the Dispatching Order System to Support Module Structured Production System for the Demand Synchronized Production Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design System, and Manufacturing , 2010, 4(2) 1. Introduction (Background) 2. Module Structured Production System (MSPS) 2.1 Definition and configuration of the system 2.2 Flexible configuration

  35. Using All the Features of the Text(Headings & subheadings) 3. Dispatching Order System 3.1 Problems and requirements of demand-synchronized production suing MSPS 3.2 Configuration and procedure of dispatching order system 3.3 Operation flow of dispatching order system 3.4 Calculation method of evaluation values 3.5 Features of dispatching order system 4. Evaluation of Dispatching Order System 5. Conclusion

  36. Using All the Features of the Text • Typefaces: In this section, some fundamental definitions and features about the concepts of “supply chain”, “supply chain management” are proposed. In this paper we use the term supply chain. as it is defined by the last of the quotes above. The objective of supply chain management is to be able to have the right products in the right quantities (at the right place) at the right moment at minimal cost.

  37. Using All the Features of the Text (tables) • Table 1. Characteristic differences between traditional ways of managing the supply chain and SCM (Cooper, Ellram, 1993) mentioned in (Vrijhoef, Koskela, 1999) Element Traditional management Supply chain management Inventory management Independent efforts Joint reduction of channel approach inventories Total cost approach Minimize firm costs Channel-wide cost efficiencies Time horizon Short term Long term

  38. Using All the Features of the Text (figures)

  39. Skimming for Content and Meaning • To read something quickly to find the main facts, information, or ideas in an article • Read the first sentence and last sentence of a paragraph

  40. Scanning for Specifics • To examine an area carefully but quickly, often because you are looking for a particular person or thing • Applying 2 or 3 keywords or target terms to scan a passage

  41. Identifying Organizational Patterns Genres: 1. Note: nursing note 2. Memorandum (Memo) 3. E-mail 4. Report: business report; 5. Resume 6. Letters: business letters

  42. Identifying Organizational Patterns 7. Newspapers, magazines 8. story, novel 9. Legal documents: Contract & agreement 10. Present illness (PI) (病史) 11. Journal articles 12. Theses, dissertations

  43. Understanding Relations Within a Sentence and Between Sentences 1. Temporal overlap: while, meanwhile 2. Temporal sequence: first, second, third, next, and then, last, finally. 3. Reason-result: because, since, because of, therefore, and therefore, so, and so, thus, as a result, so…that. 4. Means-purpose: to, for, by, using…

  44. Understanding Relations Within a Sentence and Between Sentences (2) 5. Statement-example: such as, for example, for instance, like, particularly, including.... 6. Statement-amplification: and, as well as, also, an also, furthermore, moreover 7. Statement-exception: besides, except, in addition (to)

  45. Understanding Relations Within a Sentence and Between Sentences (3) 8. Concession-comment: although, though, but, however, even though 9. Condition-consequence: if, even if, in case of, unless, so long as 10. Compare-contrast: Based on, according to, regarding to, with regard to, concerning, on the other hand, both A and B, as…as,比較級,最高級

  46. Using Cohesive Markers Conjunctions: Co-ordinate conjunctions: and, both and, not only…but also, as well as, neither (nor), never…but, What is more (worse); moreover, furthermore, likewise, besides, in addition, similarly, further, indeed, also Adversative conjunctions: but, however, indeed …but, It is true…but, whereas, on the contrary, while, only, still, yet, but yet, nevertheless, on the other hand

  47. Using Cohesive Markers Alternative conjunctions: or, not…but, either…or, otherwise Illative conjunctions: so, thus, ( and) consequently, therefore, then, so then, (and) accordingly, hence Explanatory conjunctions: for, such as, that is (to say), namely, for instance, to wit Subordinate conjunctions: that, when, as , while, which, who, what, where+ cl. Meanwhile, thus

  48. Predicting, Inferring, and Guessing Regarding to the title, heading or subheading, and figures or tables to predict the content Based on the facts or numerical data to infer the unmentioned events or results Applying what you know to guess the familiar words, terms, and contents that you are reading

  49. Identifying Main Ideas, Supporting Ideas and Details • Main ideas: It is usually the first sentence of a paragraph. • Supporting ideas: It usually follows the main idea sentence or starts from the second sentence of the paragraph. • Details: They are used to described supporting each idea. They usually include one or more examples. • Inferences: Based on the information you read, you may infer some results that are not showed in the texts. • Criticize: According to the texts you read, offer the shortages or lacks of them. • Comments: Write down your feelings, opinions, views, or systematic suggestions.

  50. Processing and Evaluating the Information during Reading Holding your original attempt Taking the information that you really need Evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of the information Extracting, highlighting, and recording the relevant information

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