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The American Civil War: 1862-5

The American Civil War: 1862-5. The Invasion of New Mexico. General Sibley (CSA) with 3,000 men go north Santa Fe falls to them Defeated at Glorietta Pass by Colorado and New Mexico forces. The War in the West. The Fall of the First Line of Defense: Union Ascendant, Spring 1862.

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The American Civil War: 1862-5

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  1. The American Civil War: 1862-5

  2. The Invasion of New Mexico • General Sibley (CSA) with 3,000 men go north • Santa Fe falls to them • Defeated at Glorietta Pass by Colorado and New Mexico forces

  3. The War in the West

  4. The Fall of the First Line of Defense: Union Ascendant, Spring 1862 • Mill Spring: January, 1862 • Collapse of eastern anchor • Forts Henry and Donelson: February 6-16, 1862. • Collapse of the center • Rise of Grant begins • Pea Ridge:6 Mar 1862 - 8 Mar 1862 • Collapse of the western anchor • Missouri henceforth firmly in Union hands

  5. Pea Ridge: Main Action

  6. The Confederate Plan at Shiloh

  7. Battle of Shiloh: April 6-7, 1861 • Albert Sidney Johnson + Beauregard (45,000) vs. Grant (49,000) • Initial Plan is Basically Stupid, but surprise is total • Grant driven back to Pittsburgh Landing • Buell reinforces overnight (17,000); Johnson dies • Counterattack crushes Confederates

  8. After Shiloh • Halleck Takes Over • Month-long crawl to Corinth • The Fall of New Orleans (April-May, 1862) • Victory for the Navy

  9. The Peninsular Campaign (March-July 1862) • General McClellan goes south with 121,000 men • Slow Progress up the Peninsula • Battle of Seven Pines (May 31, 1862): Joe Johnson (CSA, 55,000) vs. III and IV Corps (33,000) • Overly complex plan fails; many troops are lost; Joe Johnson is injured and replaced by Robert E. Lee.

  10. The Valley Campaign (March-June 1862) • Stonewall Jackson takes 17,000 men to Shenandoah Valley to threaten Washington • Fights off 50,000 soldiers in 5 battles • Draws away strength from McClellan • Then Returns to Help Lee

  11. Seven Days' Battles (June 26th-July 2, 1862)

  12. Seven Days' Battles (June 26th-July 2, 1862) • Lee attempts to cut off and destroy pieces of McClellan's army • Stonewall Jackson is mostly useless • Overly complex plans go awry • McClellan escapes but his will to fight is broken

  13. Summer-Fall 1862: Lee’s Counterattack • Second Bull Run (August 29-30) • General Pope is Crushed • McClellan retreats to Washington • Overreach—The Antietam Campaign (September, 1862) • Lee Invades Maryland • Protect Virginia Harvest • Hope for foreign intervention

  14. Lee in Maryland • Lee disperses to live off land; expects McClellan to be slow • But McClellan finds his plans and strikes fast • Battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862) • A tie, but Lee retreats • Bloodiest Day of the Civil War • Leads to Emancipation Proclamation and firing of McClellan

  15. Summer-Fall 1862: Bragg’s Counterattack • Bragg uses railroads to move to Eastern Tennessee with great speed, unites with Kirby Smith • They invade Kentucky, forcing Union General Buell to chase them into Kentucky • Kentucky does not rise to join Confederacy as Bragg hoped.

  16. Battle of Perryville (October 8, 1862) • 16,000 Union vs. 22,000 Confederates • Battle is a tie • But Bragg retreats, afraid to press his advantage • This begins turning his subordinates against him and will be a pattern • Buell saves Kentucky, but the Union fails to take Chattanooga and has lost ground.

  17. A War Against Slavery? • Most originally fight for Union, not end of Slavery • Some commanders try to enact anti-slavery without authorization • Confiscation Act of 1862—Seize land and slaves of traitors!

  18. The War To End Slavery! • Antietam allows Emancipation Proclamation • All slaves in Confederate lands are now free! • But not ones in loyal lands

  19. Corps d'Afrique Recruited in Louisiana First Black Soldiers Black Soldiers • 180,000 soldiers • 20,000 sailors. • 80% were ex-slaves • Segregated Units with White Officers

  20. Unit fights on through 1865 Battery Wagner • Subject of movie “Glory” • 54th Massachusetts, first Northern Black unit leads the attack • 116 dead + Commander, 156 Injured or Captured

  21. The Life of the Soldier: FoodThe Daily Ration (Union) • (3/4ths of a pound of pork or bacon) or 1.25 pounds of fresh or salt beef • 18 ounces of fresh bread or .75 pounds of hardtack (2-3 large 'crackers') or 1.25 pounds of cornmeal • Each 100 men get • eight quarts of peas or beans or ten pounds of rice, ten pounds of coffee or one and a half pounds of tea, fifteen pounds of sugar, four quarts of vinegar, and two quarts of salt.

  22. The Life of the Soldier: FoodThe Daily Ration (Confederate) • Same as Union ration...in theory. Often smaller. • Most commonly issued cornmeal for a grain • Substitutions had to be made for items (such as beer made from sassafras or potatos)

  23. Other Food Sources • Scavenging the Countryside • Sometimes heavily restricted • Sometimes officially sanctioned • The Sutler • Licensed vendor of food and other items • Sometimes pillaged by angry soldiers

  24. Military Food • Coffee: • Unground beans for Union • Substitutes for Confederates: Acorns, Okra, etc. • Hardtack: Union dry biscuit, often stale • Skillygalee: salted pork fried with hardtack crumbled into the mixture • Confederates usually ate Johnnycake--made with bacon grease, cornmeal, salt, sugar, and water

  25. Military Food II • Fresh Bread: When armies camped, you got fresh bread • Salt Beef or Pork: Often hard to eat; usually made into stew • Scurvy: Diet was unhealthy • Dehydrated vegetables added • Dry vegetables (potatoes) • Onions: Also used for powder burns

  26. Canning • Invented in Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) • Huge improvements vastly raise production • Many brands still exist today

  27. Cooking • 5 men / 100 would cook • Sandwiches and Stews • Tools had to be improvised

  28. Lee’s Reign of Terror: Two Victories in the East • Fredericksburg: December 13, 1862. • Ambrose Burnside launches suicidal frontal attack on Lee. 10% casualty rate • Chancellorsville:May 1-4, 1863. • Flank attack crushes “Fighting” Joe Hooker • But Stonewall Jackson is killed

  29. Gettysburgh

  30. The Gettysburg Campaign • Hubris and the desire for foreign intervention send Lee north to Pennsylvania • The armies stumble into each other at Gettysburg • 3 days of battle ensue (July 1-3, 1863) • Both sides lose 23,000 men killed, captured or wounded • Lee retreats; glory days are over

  31. Grant vs. Vicksburg (I) • Attack from the North fails due to cavalry raids • Various expedients to bypass Vicksburg fail • Grant's Gamble: Sail ships past Vicksburg at night, then cross downstream

  32. Grant vs. Vicksburg II • Grant: 44,000 • Pemberton (CSA): 30,000 • Joe Johnson (CSA): 6,000 • April 29, 1863: Grant crosses the Mississippi and takes Grand Gulf • May 14, 1863: Grant crushes Johnson at Jackson; Johnson flees east • May 16-17th: Champion's Hill, Grant defeats Pemberton, forces him west

  33. Vicksburg and Port Hudson • Downstream, General Banks besieges Port Hudson • Siege of Vicksburg: May 18-July 4, 1863 • Huge victory for the Union; Pemberton surrenders whole army

  34. Rosencrans vs. Chattanooga • Rosencrans is very cautious, often slow as a result • Murfeesboro: (31 Dec 1862 - 2 Jan 1863). • First offensive • Huge tie battle of Bragg (CSA) vs Rosencrans (USA) • Armies hang out until September 1863

  35. The Chickamauga Campaign • September 1863: Rosencrans maneuvers Bragg out of Chattanooga without firing a shot. • Reinforcements from Lee sent to Bragg. • Battle of Chickamauga (September 19th, 1863): Bragg and Longstreet crush Rosencrans • Siege of Chattanooga begins

  36. Grant Saves Chattanooga • Grant comes East, takes command • Grant breaks the siege • Bragg heads south; Grant now commands entire West.

  37. Whiggism Triumphant • The Homestead Act of 1862 • 160 acres of public land if you farm it 5 years • 420,000 square miles given out by 1975. • The Morrill Land Grant College Act of 1862 • Each state given 30,000 acres of land per Congressman as of 1860 to fund co-ed colleges focused on military tactics, agriculture, and science

  38. Whiggism Triumphant II • The Protective Tariff of 1862 • Triples taxes on imported European goods • Raises money for war; protects US industries • National Bank Act of 1863 • Creates Office of Comptroller of the Currency • The Office charters and regulates 'National' Banks • Used to create a uniform currency and ensure higher banking standards

  39. Whiggism Triumphant III • Government tends to back strikebreaking • Government war contracts make some super-rich and there is a lot of graft in contracting • Unlike the South, the North can easily buy war goods without mass economic regulation

  40. Suppressing Dissent • The New York Draft Riot • Civil Liberties Curtailed • Suspensions of Habeas Corpus • Suppression of Free Speech and Assembly • Copperheads • Radical Republicans

  41. Grant Takes Command: March 1864 • Simultaneous Onslaught • Army of the Potomac (Meade) moves south towards Richmond • Army of the James (Butler) moves to the Peninsula and moves up it to take Richmond from the rear. • Armies of the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee (united under Sherman) move together against Atlanta. • Banks’ Corps moves from Louisiana to invade the gulf and attack Mobile. • Hunter’s Corps moves against Southwestern Virginia. • Grant Goes South

  42. “We cannot withstand a siege”: Grant Takes Virginia • Many in Army of Potomac resent Grant's presence. • Lee must win fast; his reserves are low • The Wilderness: May 5-6. • Lee attempts to break Grant • But Grant just shrugs and heads South • Spotsylvania Courthouse: 7 May 1864 - 19 May 1864. • From here on out, Lee must fortify; no more offensives.

  43. The Siege of Richmond and Petersburg • Grant suffers high casualties (55,000 in one month) • Lee's back is to the wall • Grant besieges Petersburg, which controls Richmond's rail connections • A battle of attrition • In the long term, Lee cannot win this

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