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LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN FROM LOW-INCOME BACKGROUNDS. My own story…. I’ve written a book: **. Increasing language skills of students from low-income backgrounds: Practical strategies for professionals (2 nd ed. 2013). Plural Publishing Company. I. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION**.
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LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN FROM LOW-INCOME BACKGROUNDS
I’ve written a book: ** • Increasing language skills of students from low-income backgrounds: Practical strategies for professionals (2nd ed. 2013). Plural Publishing Company.
I. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION** (no stats are on exam)
**Standard of living for those in bottom 10% is lower in U.S. than any other developed nation except the United Kingdom
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2014)** • Poverty is defined according to income guidelines • For example, a “poor” family of 4 would earn $23,850 a year • A “poor” family of 8 would earn $40,090 a year
According to the Pew Research Center (2014):** • Today, most poor Americans are in their prime working years(ages 18-24) • In 1959, only 41.7% of Americans in this age group were poor; in 2012, 57% of poor Americans were ages 18-64 • Today in the U.S., 21.8% of poor Americans are children under the age of 18
Pew Research Center 2014: ** • Poverty is heaviest in the South • In 2012, the South was home to 37.3% of all Americans and 41.1% of the nation’s poor people
In terms of race and ethnicity, the following numbers of children live in low-SES homes:** 27% White 30% Asian 61% African American 63% Hispanic
**32% of migrant workers have less than a 9th grade education as compared to 3% of the American workforce as a whole (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2012) • Many migrant workers have an average income below the national poverty line (Castillo, 2012)
**U.S. shifting from manufacturing, industrial society to service-oriented, high-tech society, many blue-collar jobs requiring little education but paying well are disappearing/being outsourced
In 2012: ** • 37.6% of jobs required a Bachelor’s degree or higher • 26.2% of jobs required a high school diploma with no college • 8.5% of jobs required less than a high school diploma
Neuman ** • Perhaps for the first time in its history, America now has a caste-like underclass of unskilled and illiterate persons with no counterpart in the Western world • Neuman, S. (2009). Changing the odds for children at risk: Seven essential principles of educational programs that break the cycle of poverty. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Homelessness is a factor for many children** • Homeless children and youth lack a fixed, regular, and adequate night time residence • Live: cars, parks, public places, abandoned buildings, or bus or train stations • Homelessness: inability of people to pay for housing; impacted by both income and affordability of available housing (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2012)
My husband Mike and my son Mark and I…** • Have been privileged to work directly with members of the homeless community through a church ministry
The direct contact with members of the homeless community puts a face on statistics:** • The number of low-SES households that spent more than 50% of their income on rent increased by 6% from 5.9 million in 2009 to 6.2 million in 2010 • The average real income of working poor people increased by less than 1% from 2009 to 2010. There was not a single county in the nation where a family with an average annual income of $9,400 could afford fair market rent for a 1-bedroom unit (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2012)
II. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF POVERTY** Homelessness → irregular attendance Lack of food→learning problems, and stunted physical growth Neighborhood problems, such as increased exposure to crime and violence, post-traumatic stress syndrome, inferior schools, and fewer safe places for children to learn, play, and explore
Hepp, 2011 ASHA Leader “Protecting Children From Neurotoxicants”
When it is dangerous outside…** Children stay indoors, watch TV Some low-SES children watch up to 11 hours of TV a day
If you were a single, low-SES mom in a dangerous neighborhood, how would you fill your preschool child’s 14-hour day? (day care…..? Assume you have 4 children)**
**Family stress, including parental depression, fighting, potential neglect and abuse of children Fewer learning resources such as books, quality child care, good libraries Home and work responsibilities take priority over school Fewer extracurricular activities, travel opportunities
**Asthma Exposure to lead Prematurity Lack of access to health care, including dental care
There is an internal locus of control:** They can influence the future by making good choices now People believe they can shape their own fate Open toward intervention
IV. ORAL LANGUAGE SKILLS OF LOW-SES CHILDREN** Research has found that SES is more critical to a child’s language development than ethnic background The factor most highly related to SES is the mother’s educational level
Research:** • Early communication experiences differ based on family income to such a degree that SES can predict a child’s academic performance during the school-age years
Low-SES caregivers who have little education…** Tend to provide less oral language stimulation for their children Hart and Risley (1995, 2003) studied children from professional, working-class, and welfare homes They found that in a 365-day year, children from professional families heard about 4 million utterances; children from welfare families heard about 250,000 utterances
Hart and Risley extrapolated that…** In order for the welfare children to gain a vocabulary equivalent to that of children from working class homes, these welfare children would need to attend a preschool program for forty hours per week where they heard language at a level used in professional homes
Low-SES caregivers…** Are also more likely to slap or spank their children rather than using verbal discipline These children then grow up to solve problems by means of physical aggression rather than discussion
Low-SES children tend to have:** Low vocabulary skills Poorer grammar Pragmatics problems (e.g., being “rude,” interrupting, not using conventional manners or saying things such as “please” and “thank you”)
V. LITERACY SKILLS OF LOW-SES CHILDREN** Families may be too poor to buy books Parents’ low educational level leads to less reading Also, reading style is affected. Research shows that low-SES parents use lower level language, tell children to pay attention without interrupting, and ask very basic, straightforward questions that don’t require much thought
According to Moran (parenting.com)** • A child growing up in a middle-class neighborhood will own an average of 13+ books • Low-income communities average about one book for every 300 children
Thus…** Reading and writing skills are often low—very basic and concrete There is difficulty with decontextualized language
Many low-SES children…** Have substantial difficulty with phonological awareness skills
VI. CONSIDERATIONS IN ASSESSMENT OF LANGUAGE SKILLS** Low-SES children get overreferred to special education Many standardized tests of language skills are biased against low-SES students There can be grammatical bias Test tasks are often highly decontextualized (“Tell me everything you can about a bird.”)
In order to validly evaluate the language skills of low-SES children, we can use:
VII. CONSIDERATIONS IN LANGUAGE INTERVENTION** Reach out to families, by giving them lists of resources like youtube videos We can also send books home We can send home short DVDs that demonstrate language stimulation techniques
Lovelace & Stewart (2009, p. 168) stated that:** • Children from low-SES backgrounds are often limited in experiences needed to build background knowledge for vocabulary growth because individual choices and experiences provided to these children overall are more limited than for groups with greater economic resources…
**Because experiences are limited, the potential for gaining word knowledge from a variety of opportunities is predictably reduced for these children. These early differences in children’s vocabulary knowledge have shown that even a small disadvantage grows into a larger one and becomes difficult to ameliorate without intervention.
