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History of Photojournalism. In the beginning . In the mid 1800s the average person was not used to seeing a photographic portrait much less images from the battlefront. Photojournalism began when people began to document the Civil War by lugging, on horseback, cameras that weighed many pounds.
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In the beginning • In the mid 1800s the average person was not used to seeing a photographic portrait much less images from the battlefront. • Photojournalism began when people began to document the Civil War by lugging, on horseback, cameras that weighed many pounds.
Halftone process — 1870 • Image turned into dots (a pattern of black and white dots) that simulate shades of gray • It allowed for realistic-looking photographs rather than an artist’s wood etching • Inaugurated an era of photojournalism and these visual surrogates of reality became an integral aspect of campaigns for social reform.
The timeline • 1839: Optical and chemical principles combined to allow the creation of camera obscura, the first “camera” (actually the result of inventions that go back as far as the fifth century B.C.). • 1871: Canadian Illustrated News prints first halftone in a magazine.
The timeline • 1877: First illustrated daily newspaper, The Daily Graphic. • 1880: The Daily Graphic publishes first halftone in American daily newspaper. • 1900: Frances Benjamin Johnston and Jessie Tarbox Beals, who followed shortly after Johnston, become the first female photojournalists.
The timeline • 1903: Graflax camera introduced in U.S.; a single-lens reflex camera; it used roll film; National Geographic magazine,started in 1888, runs its first halftone. • 1910: Speed Graphic introduced; a 4x5 camera, it had interchangeable lenses and two shutters.
The timeline • 1923: First photograph transmitted by wire. • 1924: “Composograph,” first staged and faked news photo, born by combining elements from different photos; first Leica cameras using 35mm motion picture film and extremely fast (f/1.8 or so) lenses.
The timeline • 1925: Flashbulb invented in Germany. • 1929: Speed Graphic replaces Graflex as primary camera of U.S. newspapers. • 1935: Associated Press establishes wire photo network.
The timeline • 1936: Lifemagazine publishes first issue. • 1937: Kodachrome color film becomes available for 35mm still camera; revolutionizes color photography.
The timeline • 1941: Portable electronic flash becomes practical. • 1942: Kodacolor color negative film introduced. • 1947: Polaroid camera invented.
The timeline • 1954: Tri-X black-and-white film marketed by Kodak. • 1960: 35mm cameras becoming standard for photojournalists. • 1978: AP introduces electronic darkroom.
The timeline • 1982: Digital still camera becomes available. • 1987: Auto and self-focusing cameras standard. • 1988: Kodak introduces ISO 3200 film.
The timeline • 1995: Color negative film the standard for newspapers. • 1998: Digital still cameras widespread; high-resolution cameras (5 megapixels) retail for about $5,000.
Mathew Brady • Civil War photographer • Managed group of photographers • He is given credit for many photos that he didn’t actually take • Rumored that his team moved bodies to improve composition • Shot glass plates not film, had wagon full of darkroom materials
Dorothea Lange • Migrant Mother • Depicts destitute pea pickers in California • Mom and her seven children • March 1936 • Depth of emotion uncommon in most photos • Member of FSA
Margaret Burke White • Documented World War II • Only female allowed in war zone in WWII by Army • One of first to do a photo story • Had photo on first cover of Life magazine
Alfred Eisenstaedt • V-J Day • Father of photojournalism • One of first to use 35mm • One of four original Life photographers • “Paitence, patience, patience.”
Henri Cartier-Bresson • 1932 • The decisive moment — known for waiting hours for right photo • Founding member of photo agency the Magnum Group
Robert Capa • “If your pictures aren’t good enough, you aren’t close enough.” • Killed by land mine in Vietnam • Founding member of Magnum Group
W. Eugene Smith • Born in Wichita, Kan. • Studied people in detail before photographing • Known for photo essay on country doctor and mercury poisoning of a fishing village in Japan
Joe Rosenthal • Raising the flag at Iwo Jima • Feb. 23, 1945 • Five Marines and one Navy medic • Second flag raising that day • Film from first one (different photographer) got ruined • Basically he got lucky • “Flags of our Fathers” • Won the Pulitzer prize in 1945 • Within a month after photo shot three of the six were killed in combat
Ansel Adams • 1942 The Tetons and the Snake River, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming • Landscape photographer • Large format cameras
Gordon Parks • American Gothic 1942 • Grew up in poverty and inspired to make something of his life because of racism he grew up with • Black photographer setting president for time period • Life magazine
Eddie Adams • Vietcong Execution, Saigon 1968 • Brigadier General Nguyen Ngoc Loan shoots suspected Vietcong Bay Lop in the street • Photo received world attention because of it’s grusomeness • Won the Pulitizer Prize in 1968
Sal Verder • AP photographer • USAF colonel welcomed home after 5 years as POW • Won Pulitzer in 1974
