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Acidosis

Acidosis. ACIDOSIS. REDUCED ACIDOSIS. Breath holding after an exhalation causes a decrease to the concentration of oxygen to trigger increased lactic acid, therefore increased H+.

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Acidosis

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  1. Acidosis ACIDOSIS

  2. REDUCED ACIDOSIS • Breath holding after an exhalation causes a decrease to the concentration of oxygen to trigger increased lactic acid, therefore increased H+. • At the same time, carbon dioxide also increases leading to an increased concentration of hydrogen ions to further acidify the blood. • During breath holding CO2 increases to 50mmHg in the lungs.

  3. REDUCED ACIDOSIS • Fall of O2 and increase to CO2 greatly disturb the blood acid base balance. • Causes a combined acidosis: metabolic and respiratory • (metabolic acidosis decrease in pH associated with a fall in HCO3-) • Due to a drop on pH and increase in H+

  4. REDUCED ACIDOSIS • Increase to CO2 increases HCO3- (as CO2 dissociate into H+ and HCO3-) • However, the increased lactic acid causes a large accumulation of H+, therefore HCO3- tends to decrease. • HCO3 - decreases as it buffers the excess of H+ generated by lactic acid.

  5. REDUCED ACIDOSIS • Near infrared spectroscopy measures oxygen saturation within the muscle (SmO2) • Amount of O2 lower in the muscle • Tissue hypoxia increases blood lactate concentrations • CO2 also increases in the muscle. However, because of elevated aCO2, diffusion gradient between the tissues and blood is reduced, therefore CO2 release is slowed down and the gas accumulates in the muscle.

  6. ANEROBIC TRAINING • Both the hypoxic and hypercapnic effects are responsible for the rise in H+ during breath holding. • CO2 accumulates within muscle - converted into HCO3-, H+ ions are automatically produced • A proportion of H+ ions are neutralised within the muscle by buffering substances which the most important are proteins and phosphate.

  7. ANEROBIC TRAINING Increased H+ ions in the muscle. Increased H+ ions in the blood A STRONG ACIDITY WITHIN THE MUSCLE TISUE IS A MAJOR CONSEQUENCE OF EXERCISE WITH BH. IT IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF ADAPTATIONS THAT OCCUR AFTER BH TRAINING. Increased acidosis. When this occurs repeatedly, adaptation mechanisms are triggered to reduce acidosis. The buffer systems have the fastest action- enhanced blood and or muscle buffering capacity. Woorons

  8. ANEROBIC TRAINING • Main Buffering: • Blood- Haemoglobin and bicarbonate • Skeletal muscle- proteins, phosphates (60%) and to a lesser extent bicarbonate (18%) • Possibly, enhanced buffering capacity in muscle compartments- lowering diffusion of H+ to the blood. • Woorons X

  9. ANEROBIC TRAINING • In breath holding following an exhalation, maximal lactate concentration (+ 2.35 ± 1.3 mmol.L-1 on average) and the rate of lactate accumulation in blood (+ 41.7 ± 39.4%) were higher at Post- than at Pre- in the three trials whereas they remained unchanged in CONTROLS. • Woorons X, Mucci P, Richalet JP, Pichon A. Hypoventilation Training at Supramaximal Intensity Improves Swimming Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016 Jun;48(6):1119-28

  10. ANEROBIC TRAINING • Increased Lactate max reflects an improved anaerobic capacity and may be due to a greater ability to tolerate high concentrations of lactate and high level of acidosis, as reported after high-intensity training. • Woorons X, Mucci P, Richalet JP, Pichon A. Hypoventilation Training at Supramaximal Intensity Improves Swimming Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016 Jun;48(6):1119-28

  11. FREE RADICALS

  12. FREE RADICALS • Free radicals are molecules generated by the breakdown of oxygen during metabolic activity. • We all create a certain amount of free radicals through the very act of breathing to stay alive.

  13. FREE RADICALS • Highly reactive and attack other cells, causing damage to tissues and negatively affecting lipids, proteins and DNA. • Implicated in ageing and a number of human diseases, including cancer. • Devasagayam TP, Tilak JC, Boloor KK, Sane KS, Ghaskadbi SS, Lele RD. Free radicals and antioxidants in human health: current status and future prospects. J Assoc Physicians India. 2004;(Oct;52):794-804

  14. FREE RADICALS • Normal levels do not pose a problem since the body’s defence mechanism is able to neutralise the molecules with antioxidants.

  15. FREE RADICALS • Overbreathing and high-intensity exercise can cause an increased risk of muscle and tissue damage due to an overabundance of free radicals in the body.

  16. FREE RADICALS • Physical exercise increases oxidative stress and causes disruptions of the homeostasis. Training can have positive or negative effects on oxidative stress depending on training load, training specificity and the basal level of training. Moreover, oxidative stress seems to be involved in muscular fatigue and may lead to overtraining. • Finaud J, Lac G, Filaire E. Oxidative Stress Relationship with Exercise and Training.Sports Med.2006;(36 (4)):327-358

  17. FREE RADICALS • Exhaustive and/or intense physical activity can induce diseases, injuries and chronic fatigue, which can lead to the overtraining syndrome, partially because of the toxicity of free radicals (FR). • Finaud J, Lac G, Filaire E. Oxidative Stress Relationship with Exercise and Training. Sports Med .2006;(36 (4)):327-358

  18. FREE RADICALS • Nine fit male subjects were studied before and after three months of running and were found to have significantly decreased levels of all circulating antioxidants except for ascorbate during training. • Bergholm R, Mäkimattila S, Valkonen M, Liu ML, Lahdenperä S, Taskinen MR, Sovijärvi A, Malmberg P, Yki-Järvinen H. Intense physical training decreases circulating antioxidants and endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in vivo. Atherosclerosis.1999 Aug;(145(2)):341-9

  19. FREE RADICALS • The conclusion reached was that “relatively intense aerobic training decreases circulating antioxidant concentrations”. • Bergholm R, Mäkimattila S, Valkonen M, Liu ML, Lahdenperä S, Taskinen MR, Sovijärvi A, Malmberg P, Yki-Järvinen H. Intense physical training decreases circulating antioxidants and endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in vivo. Atherosclerosis.1999 Aug;(145(2)):341-9

  20. FREE RADICALS • In what is considered to be one of the toughest foot races on Earth, competitors run the equivalent of six regular marathons over six days in the Sahara desert, during which they are required to carry their own food. • Machefer G, Groussard C, Rannou-Bekono F, Zouhal H, Faure H, Vincent S, Cillard J, Gratas-Delamarche A. Extreme running competition decreases blood antioxidant defense capacity. Journal American College Nutrition.2004;(Aug;23(4)):358-64

  21. FREE RADICALS • Blood samples were taken 72 hours after completion of the race, with researchers noting a “significant alteration of the blood antioxidant defence capacity”, and concluding that, “such extreme competition induced an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant protection”. • Machefer G, Groussard C, Rannou-Bekono F, Zouhal H, Faure H, Vincent S, Cillard J, Gratas-Delamarche A. Extreme running competition decreases blood antioxidant defense capacity. Journal American College Nutrition.2004;(Aug;23(4)):358-64

  22. FREE RADICALS • The use of dietary antioxidants to reduce oxidative stress and exercise-induced muscle injury have met with mixed results to date. • Clarkson PM. Antioxidants and physical performance. Critical Reviews of Food Science and Nutrition.1995 Jan;(35(1-2)):131-41 • Clarkson PM, Thompson HS. Antioxidants: what role do they play in physical activity and health? American Journal Clinical Nutrition.2000 Aug;(72(2 Suppl)):637S-46S • Urso ML, Clarkson PM. Oxidative stress, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation . Toxicology.2003 Jul 15;(189(1-2)):41-54

  23. BREATH HOLDING TO REDUCE FREE RADICALS

  24. BREATH HOLDING TO REDUCE FREE RADICALS • After a three month breath hold program superimposed on the training of triathletes, “blood acidosis was reduced and the oxidative stress no more occurred” • FabriceJoulia, Jean Guillaume Steinberga, Marion Fauchera, ThibaultJaminc, Christophe Ulmera, Nathalie Kipsona, Yves Jammes. Breath-hold training of humans reduces oxidative stress and blood acidosis after static and dynamic apnea. RespirPhysiolNeurobiol. 2003 ;(Aug 14;137(1)):19-27

  25. BREATH HOLDING TO REDUCE FREE RADICALS • Trained breath hold divers with an ability to hold their breath for up to 440 seconds during rest, were compared with a second group of non divers who had at most a 145 second breath hold time. • Joulia F, Steinberg JG, Wolff F, Gavarry O, Jammes Y. Reduced oxidative stress and blood lactic acidosis in trained breath-hold human divers. RespirPhysiol Neurobiol.2002 ;(Oct 23;133(1-2)):121-30

  26. BREATH HOLDING TO REDUCE FREE RADICALS • Normal breathing group showed an increase in blood lactic acid concentration, and oxidative stress. Diver group, the changes in both lactic acid and oxidative stress were markedly reduced after both breath holds and exercise. • Joulia F, Steinberg JG, Wolff F, Gavarry O, Jammes Y. Reduced oxidative stress and blood lactic acidosis in trained breath-hold human divers. RespirPhysiol Neurobiol.2002 ;(Oct 23;133(1-2)):121-30

  27. BREATH HOLDING TO REDUCE FREE RADICALS • Conclusion: Humans who are involved in a long term training program of breath hold diving have reduced blood acidosis and oxidative stress following breath holds and exercise. • Joulia F, Steinberg JG, Wolff F, Gavarry O, Jammes Y. Reduced oxidative stress and blood lactic acidosis in trained breath-hold human divers. RespirPhysiol Neurobiol.2002 ;(Oct 23;133(1-2)):121-30

  28. BREATH HOLDING TO REDUCE FREE RADICALS • Group of trained divers and a group of people with no diving experience at all. Results showed significant improvements in antioxidantactivity across both groups, with little difference between the divers and non-divers. • BULMER, ANDREW C. COOMBES, JEFF S.; SHARMAN, JAMES E., STEWART, IAN B. Effects of Maximal Static Apnea on Antioxidant Defenses in Trained Free Divers. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.2008;40(7):1307-1313

  29. BREATH HOLDING TO REDUCE FREE RADICALS • One small land-based mammal has managed to confound the overwhelming evidence to support the negative effects of oxidative stress. For the past few decades, scientists have studied the naked mole rat – a bald, blind creature that looks like a hot dog with teeth and lives for up to twenty-eight years, almost eight times longer than any other rodent.

  30. BREATH HOLDING TO REDUCE FREE RADICALS • The naked mole rat lives in East Africa, where it is considered a pest by local farmers as it burrows tunnels underneath fields and eats vegetable crops.

  31. BREATH HOLDING TO REDUCE FREE RADICALS • The breathing rate of the naked mole rat is very low in comparison to other rodents, and it lives in crowded colonies where there is little oxygen and high levels of carbon dioxide.

  32. BREATH HOLDING TO REDUCE FREE RADICALS • Despite living with high oxidative stress from a young age, the naked mole rat maintains good health and longevity,and in all the years this rather ugly animal has been studied, it has never been known to develop cancer. • Buffenstein R.. Negligible senescence in the longest living rodent, the naked mole-rat: insights from a successfully aging species.. J Comp Physiol B.. 2008 May;(178(4)):439-45

  33. BREATH HOLDING TO REDUCE FREE RADICALS • Even when scientists have injected the mole rat with cancer-causing agents, the disease was resisted. Exactly why the naked mole rat is immune to cancer is unknown. • AkshatRathi. Cancer immunity of strange underground rat revealed. http://theconversation.com/cancer-immunity-of-strange-underground-rat-revealed-15358 (accessed 2nd Sep 2014).

  34. BREATH HOLDING TO REDUCE FREE RADICALS • Researchers have discovered that the negative affects of high oxidative stress may be offset by high carbon dioxide. • Veselá A, Wilhelm J. The role of carbon dioxide in free radical reactions of the organism. Physiological Research. 2002;(51(4)):335-9

  35. THE HEART

  36. THE HEART Dr Jeremy Morris who studied the incidence of heart attacks in 31,000 transport workers. Bus conductors, averaging between 500 and 700 steps per day, had far less heart disease than their bus driving counterparts. Morris JN, Heady JA, Raffle PAB, et al. Coronary heart disease and physical activity of work. Lancet 1953;265(6795):1053-1057. 

  37. THE HEART In 1863, the Swedish chemist, inventor and industrialist Alfred Nobel invented dynamite by combining the chemical nitro-glycerine with silica to form a more volatile paste.

  38. THE HEART In the human body, nitro-glycerine – which is the same material used to make explosive – converts to the gas nitric oxide to provide amazing benefits for cardiovascular health.

  39. THE HEART Sometimes referred to as the mighty molecule, nitric oxide is produced within the 100,000 miles of blood vessels throughout the human body including the paranasal sinuses surrounding the nasal cavity. Dr Louis Ignarro

  40. THE HEART Nitric oxide sends a signal for the blood vessels to relax and widen. If there is too little nitric oxide, blood vessels narrow and the heart has to raise the pressure to send blood throughout the body.

  41. THE HEART Persistent high blood pressure or hypertension damages the arterial blood vessels, causing a build-up of plaque and cholesterol, and also causing blood clotting.

  42. THE HEART If the blood clots, the obstruction causes the heart or brain to be deprived of blood and oxygen resulting in a heart attack or stroke.

  43. THE HEART Nitric oxide plays a monumental role in human health by reducing cholesterol, reversing the build up of plaque in the blood vessels and helping to prevent blood clotting, all of which significantly increase the risk for heart attack and stroke.

  44. THE HEART As we partake in physical exercise, blood flow increases and stimulates the inner lining of the blood vessels to produce more nitric oxide.

  45. THE HEART Low-intensity exercise –wasn’t enough to optimally increase blood flow. Conversely, high-intensity exercise – which includes vigorous activity at a fast pace – actually worsened blood flow. Goto C, Higashi Y, Kimura M, Noma K, Hara K, Nakagawa K, Kawamura M, Chayama K, Yoshizumi M, Nara I.. Effect of different intensities of exercise on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans: role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide and oxidative stress. Circulation. 2003 Aug 5;(108(5)):530-5

  46. THE HEART Moderate-intensity exercise –increased production of nitric oxide and provided a positive improvement of blood flow throughout the body. Goto C, Higashi Y, Kimura M, Noma K, Hara K, Nakagawa K, Kawamura M, Chayama K, Yoshizumi M, Nara I.. Effect of different intensities of exercise on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans: role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide and oxidative stress. Circulation. 2003 Aug 5;(108(5)):530-5

  47. THE HEART University of Exeter A study group of men aged between 19 and 38 drank half a litre of beetroot juice every day for a week. University of Exeter. (2009, August 7). Beetroot Juice Boosts Stamina, New Study Shows. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090806141520.htm (accessed 2nd Oct 2014).

  48. THE HEART Drinking the beetroot juice resulted in a “remarkable reduction” to the amount of oxygen required to perform exercise in comparison with a control group who drank water: the beetroot-drinking group were able to cycle 16% longer before tiring. University of Exeter. (2009, August 7). Beetroot Juice Boosts Stamina, New Study Shows. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090806141520.htm (accessed 2nd Oct 2014).

  49. THE HEART Furthermore, blood pressure within the beetroot group dropped (within normal levels), even though it wasn’t high to begin with. University of Exeter. (2009, August 7). Beetroot Juice Boosts Stamina, New Study Shows. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090806141520.htm (accessed 2nd Oct 2014).

  50. The Heart “The reduction of oxygen required for submaximal exercise “following dietary supplementation with inorganic nitrate in the form of a natural food product cannot be achieved by any other known means, including long-term endurance exercise training”. University of Exeter. (2009, August 7). Beetroot Juice Boosts Stamina, New Study Shows. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090806141520.htm (accessed 2nd Oct 2014).

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