THE FEMINISM

1. THE FEMINISM Dosen: Hartanto, S.I.P, M.A. Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ekonomi UniversitasRespati Yogyakarta

2. Bob Cox : Two types of theories • Problem Solving Theory : • Theories that attempt to identify and provide solutions to particular sources of trouble within that problematique • Critical Theory : • Theories that attempt to understand the origin of and the potential for altering the problematique itself.

3. CriticalInternational Relations Theory • is a set of schools of thought in international relations (IR) that have criticized the status-quo, both from positivist positions as well as post positivist positions. • Positivist critiques include Marxist, Neo-Marxist approaches, and Social Constructivism. • Post positivist critiques include postmodernist, postcolonial and feminist approaches

4. Feminism • Feminism is a social theory and political movement primarily informed and motivated by the experience of women. • While generally providing a critique of social relations, many proponents of feminism also focus on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion of women's rights, interests, and issues. • Feminist theory aims to understand the nature of inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations and sexuality.

5. Feminist political issues • reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, sexual harassment, discrimination and sexual violence. • discrimination, stereotyping, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression and patriarchy. • The basis of feminist ideology is that rights, privilege, status and obligations should not be determined by gender.

6. HISTORY • Feminism is generally said to have begun in the 19th century as people increasingly adopted the perception that women are oppressed in a male-centered society (patriarchy). • Emmeline Pankhurst (UK) was one of the founders of the suffragette movement and aimed to reveal the institutional sexism in British society, forming the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).

7. Amazon feminism anarcho-feminism cultural feminism ecofeminism equity feminism existentialist feminism fluffy feminism or girly feminism French feminism gender feminism lesbian feminism liberal feminism libertarian feminism or individualist feminism male feminism or men's feminism Marxist feminism or socialist feminism material feminism multi-cultural feminism pop feminism post-colonial feminism postmodern feminism which includes queer theory pro-sex feminism psychoanalytical feminism radical feminism separatist feminism sexually liberal feminism/sex-positive feminism/pro-sex feminism social construct feminism socialist feminism spiritual feminism standpoint feminism third-world feminism transfeminism womanism Certain actions, approaches and people can also be described as proto-feminist or post-feminist. Subtypes of feminism

8. Radical feminism • Radical feminism considers patriarchy to be the root cause of the most serious social problems. • Violence and oppression of women, because they are women, is more fundamental than oppressions related to class, ethnicity, religion, etc.

9. First-wave feminism • First-wave feminism refers to the feminist movement in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, which primarily focused on gaining the right of women's suffrage. • Prominent leaders of the movement included Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony.

10. Second-wave feminism • Second-wave feminism refers to a period of feminist activity which began during the early 1960s and lasted through the late 1980s. • second-wave feminism was largely concerned with other issues of equality, such as the end to discrimination and oppression. • largely focused on the inclusion of women in traditionally male-dominated areas,

11. Third-wave feminism • Third-wave feminism is a feminist movement that arguably began in the early 1990s. • third-wave feminism seeks to challenge and expand common definitions of gender and sexuality. • Traits of third-wave feminism include queer theory, women-of-color consciousness, post-colonialism, critical theory, transnationalism, and new feminist theory. In particular, a post-structuralist interpretation of gender and sexuality is center to third-wave feminism.

12. Feminist International Relations Theory • The expression within the discipline of IR of the broader emancipatory framework of feminist thought. • The aims : • To unmask the gendered construction IR disciplinary tenets • To ask questions traditionally seen as irrelevant • To create spaces for imagining alternatives to the prevailing patriarchal order

13. Feminist IR Theory • To show that : • Gender is socially and culturally constructed • Beliefs about sex difference play a part in constructing realities • To advocate the normative orientation towards women’s empowerment

14. Sex - Gender • Sex refers to the biological categories of female and male that are differentiated by genes, hormones, reproductive organ. • Gender refers to the social categories of female and male that are differentiated by psychological characteristic or role expectations • Traits and behaviors related to a gender might vary from culture to culture or across situations.

15. Perbedaan Sex dan Gender

16. Gender Role • In most societies, the male role is described as agentic-getting thing done • In most societies, the female role is described as expressive and communal – keeping the group together and content • Gender roles (expectations of behavior) are not static (vary by : geography, history, race/ethnicity, social class, situation)

17. J. Ann Tickner • J. Ann Tickner is a tenured faculty member at the School of International Relations at the University of Southern California, where she is one of the world's foremost scholars in the field of gender and international relations. • Books : • Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving International Security. • Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War World

18. Ph.D. from the University of California/Berkeley, has served as chair of Clark’s Government Department and Director of Women’s Studies. Professor Enloe is currently a Research Professor in the IDCE Department and teaches the intensive seven-week seminar, “Gender, Militarization, and Development. Cynthia Enloe NUR AZIZAH - FISIPOL - UMY

19. Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Ewing, New Jersey, U.S.A. : Univ of California Pr, 1990This global investigation of the oppression of women maintains that notions of femininity and masculinity serve international political systems and their policy makers. Cynthia Enloe NUR AZIZAH - FISIPOL - UMY

20. Christine Sylvester , Feminist International Relations: An Unfinished Journey, Cambridge Studies in International Relations, 2002. SynopsisIn this book, Christine Sylvester examines the history of feminists' efforts to include gender relations in the study of international relations. Tracing the author's own 'journey' through the subject, as well as the work of other leading feminist scholars, the book examines theories, methods, people and locations which have been neglected by conventional scholarship. It will be of interest to scholars and students of international relations, women's and gender studies, and postcolonial studies. Christine Sylvester

21. Jean Elshtain • Books : • Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social Thought; The Family in Political Thought • Women and War

22. Imperial brotherhood : gender and the making of Cold War foreign policy USA Foreign relations 1945-1989   Masculinity Foreign Policy-

23. Manly StatesMasculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics • Charlotte Hooper • "Hooper goes beyond established feminist critiques of a masculinized IR as she examines the role of IR in shaping, defining, or legitimizing masculinity. . . . Her sophisticated analysis, demonstrating that masculinized notions dominate IR and that • IR plays a significant role in creating and maintaining masculine identities, makes this a major contribution for upper-division undergraduates and above."

24. SEKIAN DAN TERIMA KASIH