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Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

汉语句法结构中的语序问题. Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures. Xinhua Zha Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center March 3, 2012 CLTAC, Stanford University. Distinctiveness of Chinese Word Order.

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Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

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  1. 汉语句法结构中的语序问题 Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures Xinhua Zha Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center March 3, 2012 CLTAC, Stanford University

  2. Distinctiveness of Chinese Word Order “It is often said that all Chinese grammar is syntax, all Chinese syntax is word order, and therefore all Chinese grammar is word order.” Chao, Yuan Ren A Grammar of Spoken Chinese

  3. Distinctiveness of Chinese Word Order “…order or sequence is considered to be language specific, and therefore the same order may produce different effects in a different language.” Ho, Y. Aspects of discourse structure in Chinese. Mellen University Press.

  4. Common Mistakes Students Often Make 1)* 你可以到我家来坐地铁。 2)* 我见到了我妈妈和弟弟在旧金山机场。 3)* 我太太上班在超市每天下午。 4) * 老师告诉我们一些事关于中国的。

  5. Common Mistakes Students Often Make (Cont’d) 5) * 在路上回家我买了一杯咖啡。 6)* 有一个大壁炉在我家客厅里,我很喜 欢看看小说坐着在壁炉的前面。 7) * 我想要我的女儿以后去学习到中国。 8) * 我每天早上五点起床,然后我到托儿所 送女儿。

  6. Common Mistakes Students Often Make(Cont’d) 9)* 我参军后,和弟弟没见面两年。 10)* 今天我两个小时锻炼了。 11) * 我昨晚值班,没睡觉一夜。 12) * 我在老家五夜住了。

  7. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) 时间顺序原则 在汉语里,“两个句法单位的相对顺序决定于它们所表示的概念世界里的状态的时间先后”。 戴浩一 (1994)《以认知为基础的汉语功能语法刍议》 《功能主义与汉语语法》,北京语言学院出版社

  8. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) 时间顺序原则 汉语: 先发生的先说,后发生的后说 英语: 重要的(core)先说,次要的(peripheral)后说 He is very active in class. 他在班上很活跃。 She became pregnant after she got married. 她结婚以后怀孕了。

  9. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) (Cont’d) 时间顺序原则 • 他坐飞机来这儿。 VS 他来这儿坐飞机。 • 我骑车到学校去。 VS 我到学校去骑车。 • 狗落水VS 落水狗

  10. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) (Cont’d) 时间顺序原则 7) * 我想要我的女儿以后去学习到中国。 c) 我想要我的女儿以后 到中国去学习。 ( 先 ) ( 后 ) 8) * 我每天早上五点起床,然后我到托儿所 送女儿。 c) 我每天早上五点起床,然后我 送女儿 到托儿所。( 先 ) ( 后 )

  11. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) (Cont’d) 时间顺序原则 1) * 你可以到我家来坐地铁。 c) 你可以坐地铁 到我家来。 ( 先 ) ( 后 ) 2) * 我见到了我妈妈和弟弟在旧金山机场。 c) 我 在旧金山机场 见到了 我妈妈和弟弟。 ( 先 ) ( 后 )

  12. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) (Cont’d) 时间顺序原则 3) *我太太上班在超市每天下午。 c) 我太太 每天下午 在超市 上班。 ( 先 ) ( 后 )( 再后 ) 先发生的先说,后发生的后说。

  13. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) (Cont’d) 时间顺序原则 “把”字结构 - 他把杯子打破了。 - 我把这本书看完了。

  14. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 2. The Principle of Measurement 计量原则 动作没实现或将无法实现,计量在前 动作实现了或将肯定实现,计量在后 11) * 我昨晚值班,没睡觉一夜。 c) 我昨晚值班,一夜没睡觉。(没实现,计量在前) 12) * 我在老家五夜住了。 c)我在老家住了五夜。 (实现了,计量在后)

  15. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 2. The Principle of Measurement 计量原则 动作没实现或将无法实现,计量在前 动作实现了或将肯定实现,计量在后 9)* 我参军后,和弟弟没见面两年。 c) 我参军后,和弟弟两年没见面。(没实现,计量在前) 10) * 今天我两个小时锻炼了。 c)今天我锻炼了两个小时。 (实现了,计量在后)

  16. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 3. The Principle of WholeBeforePart (WBP) 整体 —部分原则:整体先说,部分后说。 英语:The wheels on the bus go round and round, round and round. 汉语:公共汽车的轮子转呀转,转呀转。 英语: I took a picture in the middle of Time Square in New York. 汉语:我在纽约时代广场中央拍了一张照片。

  17. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures • The Principle of Whole BeforePart (WBP)(Cont’d) 整体 —部分原则:整体先说,部分后说。 6) * 有一个大壁炉在我家客厅里,我很 喜欢看看小说坐着在壁炉的前面。 c) (在)我家客厅里有一个大壁炉...... (整体) (部分)

  18. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 4. The Principle of Background Before Foreground (BBF) 背景 —前景原则:背景先说,前景后说。 英语:words on the blackboard 汉语: 黑板上的字 (背景) (前景) 英语:a pencil on the desk 汉语: 书桌上的一支铅笔 (背景) (前景)

  19. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 4. The Principle of Background Before Foreground (BBF) (Cont’d) 10) * 有一个大壁炉在我家客厅里,我很喜欢看 看小说坐着在壁炉的前面。 c) 我家客厅里有一个大壁炉...... (整体/部分) • ……我很喜欢坐在壁炉的前面看看小说。 • (背景) (前景)

  20. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 5. The Principle of Modifier Before Head (MBH) 修饰 —核心原则:修饰先说,核心后说。 英语:1. premodifier 2. postmodifier 汉语: premodifier 英语:the car moving; the novel written; the place to be visited;write clearly… 汉语:行驶中的车;写的小说;要去的地方; 清清楚楚地写...

  21. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 5. The Principle of Modifier Before Head (MBH)(Cont’d) 修饰 —核心原则:修饰先说,核心后说。 9) * 老师告诉我们一些事关于中国的。 c) 老师告诉我们 关于中国的一些事。 (修饰) (核心) 10) * 在路上回家我买了一杯咖啡。 c) 在 回家路上我买了一杯咖啡。 (修饰) (核心)

  22. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 5. The Principle of Modifier Before Head (MBH)(Cont’d) 修饰 —核心原则:修饰先说,核心后说。 英语:When the wall fell down, all the people ran awayin a panic. (adv.) 汉语:墙倒塌的时候,所有的人都争先恐后地 跑开了。 (修饰) (核心)

  23. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 5. The Principle of Modifier Before Head (MBH)(Cont’d) Relative Clauses & Subordinate Clauses • Principal Branching Direction (PBD) • (Lust & Chien, 1984) - Chinese: Principally left-branching - English: Principally right-branching

  24. Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures 5. The Principle of Modifier Before Head (MBH)(Cont’d) 英语:He likes his sister, who is warm and pleasant; but he does not like his brother, who is aloof and arrogant. (Attributive clauses) (Right of the Head) 汉语:他喜欢热情活泼的妹妹,而不喜欢冷漠 高傲的哥哥。 (Left of the Head)

  25. Summary 1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence 先发生的先说,后发生的后说。 2. The Principle of Measurement 动作没实现或将无法实现,计量在前 动作实现了或将肯定实现,计量在后 3. The Principle of WholeBefore Part 整体在先,部分在后。 4. The Principle of Background Before Foreground 背景在先,前景在后。 5. The Principle of Modifier Before Head 修饰在先,核心在后。

  26. References • Chao, Yuan Ren (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese (中国话的文法) • University of California Press • Ho, Y. 1993. Aspects of discourse structure in Chinese. • Mellen University Press. • 戴浩一 《时间顺序和汉语的语序》(国外语言学,1988,第3期) • 赵振才 《汉语简单句的语序与强调》(语言教学与研究,1985,第3期) • 方梅 《宾语与动量词语的次序问题》(中国语文,1995第1期) • 胡裕树/陆丙甫《关于制约汉语语序的一些因素》 • (烟台大学学报,1988,第1期) • Lust, B. & Chien, Y. (1984) The Structure of coordination in first language acquisition of Mandarin Chinese: Evidence for a Universal. • Cognition, 17, 49-83

  27. Questions? • Thank you!

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