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By: Kaila Wannenburg

Sponges: porifera. By: Kaila Wannenburg. Common name: Sponges Section: Animals without Backbones Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Porifera (pore-bearing). What are sponges?. Sponges are the simplest form of multi-cellular animals. All sponges live in water, and anchor themselves

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By: Kaila Wannenburg

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  1. Sponges: porifera By: Kaila Wannenburg

  2. Common name:Sponges Section:Animals without Backbones Kingdom:Animalia Phylum: Porifera (pore-bearing)

  3. What are sponges? Sponges are the simplest form of multi-cellular animals. All sponges live in water, and anchor themselves to something solid like rocks on the sea floor. Often brightly colored and irregular shapes. Sponges are filter feeders and have no digestive system. They range in heights of 1-200cm and in diameters of 1-150cm. They don’t have muscles, a nervous system, or a circulatory system. Their walls are lined with many small pores called Ostia that allow water flow into the sponge.  There are about 5,000 species of sponges found throughout the world.

  4. What are sponges made of? Sponges are made of four independent cells: The first are the collar cells, located in the interior of the sponge. Flagella at the end of these cells help pump water through the sponge’s body, which help bring oxygen and nutrients to the sponge, while removing waste and carbon dioxide. The second cells are the porocytes, which make up the pores of the sponge.

  5. Continued… Epidermal cells form the skin on the outside of the sponge. Finally, the amoebocytes, which are located between the epidermal and collar cells in an area called the mesohyl. They carry out functions of the sponge and help transport nutrients. They also form spicules, which are the sponge’s skeletal fibers. They work together with the collar cells to digest the food for the sponge and produce gametes for sexual reproduction.

  6. Types of sponges Classes of Sponges: Calcarea: are chalky sponges with calcium carbonate spicules. Hexactinella: includes glass sponges. Demospongiae: includes bath sponges. Sclerospongiae: are coral sponges and have calcium carbonate spicules. The Two Basic Types of Sponges Encrusting sponges: are similar to moss because they tend to cover the surfaces of rocks. Free-standing sponges: have lots of inner volume compared with their surface area. Sometimes, they grow into strange shapes and gigantic sizes.

  7. Characteristics Includes marine & freshwater sponges Found in the kingdom Animalia & subkingdom Parazoa Sessile as adults Simplest of all animals Contain specialized cells, but no tissue Asymmetrical Bodies filled with holes or pores for water circulation Marine sponges are larger & more colorful than freshwater sponges The large opening at the top for water & waste to leave is called the Osculum Have only 2 cell layers (ectoderm & endoderm) separated by jellylike material

  8. How do sponges reproduce? Sponges may reproduce sexually and asexually. Most sponges are both male and female. In sexual reproduction, the ‘male’ sponge would release sperm into the water, which would travel to and enter a ‘female’ sponge. After fertilization, a larva is released into the water. It floats around for a few days and then sticks to a solid to begin its growth into an adult sponge. 

  9. Continued… Sponges are also able to reproduce asexually through budding. This is when a small piece of sponge is broken off but is still able to survive and grow into another sponge. Sponges are also able to repair damages to their bodies.

  10. Sponge systems MUSCULAR SKELETON : A sponge is a hollow tube with many po9res. The skeleton is made of lime or silicon. DIGESTION : A sponge takes in food via the water that flows through its pores. NERVOUS : A sponge has a very low reaction to the world around it and has no brain. CIRCULATION : The water flowing through the sponges pores contains the food and oxygen the sponge needs. RESPIRATION : Oxygen is used from the water the sponge takes in through its pores. EXCRETION : Carbon dioxide and waste are being removed by the water that moves out through the pores. SYMMETRY : A sponge may be either symmetrical or not. COLORATION : A sponge is white, red, orange, green, yellow, brown, purple or black.

  11. More about sponges Nudibranchs Where do sponges live? Sponges are found in all seas living mainly in shallow waters but some occur at great depths. What eats them? Because of their impressive chemical toxins sponges have few predators. One group of animals which has beaten their chemical defenses are the beautiful nudibranchs. The toxins of sponges are effective against many bacteria and viruses but they are not completely effective. A fungal disease attacked a crop of commercial bath sponges in the Bahamas in the 1930's and almost wiped them out. What do humans use sponges for? When dried and cleaned they form soft, dense sponges which are used for bathing or applying makeup

  12. Sponges do not have heads, arms, or internal organs. A vase sponge with a small blenny swimming in it and a brittle star living in it. Some sponges grow quite large. This barrel sponge is nearly large enough for the diver to climb right inside! Other barrel sponges get even bigger than this.

  13. bibliography Sponges. (2010). Animals . Referred from: http://www.mcwdn.org/Animals/Sponges.html Sponge. (2010). How Stuff Works. Referred from: http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/willow/sponge-info0.gif&imgrefurl=http://animals.howstuffworks.com/marine-life/sponge-info.htm&usg=__eNVZh4k_h0weDlXadKxu7oQtCIE=&h=356&w=330&sz=35&hl=en&start=7&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=lj9P2DgRhdRlIM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=112&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsponges%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1 All About Sponges . (2010). About Sponges. Referred from: http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3431 The Wonders Of The Seas. (2010). Oceanic Research. Referred from: http://www.oceanicresearch.org/education/wonders/sponges.html Ocean Animals. (2010). Sponges. Referred from: http://www.mbgnet.net/salt/coral/animals/sponges.htm Different Types Of Sponges. (2010). Buzzle. Referred from: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-sponges.html What Are sea Sponges Used For. (2010). Wise Geek. Referred from: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-sea-sponges-used-for.htm Sponges. (2010). Section B – Sponges. Referred from: http://www.reef.edu.au/asp_pages/secb.asp?FormNo=14

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