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QUIZ #8

QUIZ #8. Draw the IDH curve. When and why is species diversity highest according to IDH? Explain how anthropogenic disturbance can be either beneficial or detrimental. How can wetlands function as a transitional community (zone) between open lakes and upland terrestrial forest habitats?

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QUIZ #8

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  1. QUIZ #8 Draw the IDH curve. When and why is species diversity highest according to IDH? Explain how anthropogenic disturbance can be either beneficial or detrimental. How can wetlands function as a transitional community (zone) between open lakes and upland terrestrial forest habitats? What is the difference between (or define, up to you) allogenic and autogenic succession. Give an example of both primary and secondary succession.

  2. PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

  3. RANGE OF PRODUCTIVITY: CLIMATE AND LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES

  4. SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY

  5. PLANT AND ANIMAL ADAPTATION

  6. Forces leading to adaptation Anoxia: lack of oxygen Salinity: fluctuating or high salinity Soil toxins: sulfide, methane, etc. Nutrient stress: low nitrogen or phosphorus availability Submergence: anchorage, locomotion, change in C source, wave energy, light Herbivory/Predation

  7. Responses to anoxia at different levels of complexity • Bacteria • alternative respiratory pathways • utilize energy in reduced compounds (e.g. NH4+, CH4, S-) • Plants • arenchymous tissue (ethylene production), lenticels, adventitious roots, stem elongation, shallow rooting, hypertrophy, carbohydrate storage structures • pressurized gas flow, radial oxygen loss • Alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) accumulation • Animals • specialized respiratory structures (gills, parapodia, etc.) • pigments • various other physiological and behavioral modifications

  8. Responses salt stress at different levels of complexity • Bacteria • accumulation of “non-lethal” ions (e.g. K+ relative to Na+) • compatible (organic) solutes • Plants • salt exclusion • salt excretion • storage in vacuoles or senescent tissues • C4 instead of C3 photosynthetic pathway • Animals • osmoregulate • osmoconform

  9. OXYGEN STRESS: ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

  10. OXYGEN PUMPING

  11. Illustration of gas flow in the water lily

  12. Pressurized gas flow is a function of water depth

  13. FLOODING TOLERANCE

  14. Loblolly pine root Flooded vs. Non-flooded and ethylene production Loblolly pine seedling stem

  15. waxy leaves and viviparous seedlings lenticels specialized root structures Mangrove Adaptations salt exclusion vs. salt excretion

  16. Mangroves are better competitors in salty environments

  17. Vmax NH4+ uptake Km NH4+ concentration SOIL PHYTOTOXINS: IMPACT NUTRIENT UPTAKE

  18. Vmax NH4+ uptake Km NH4+ concentration EFFECTS OF POREWATER SALINITY

  19. High tide low tide Spatial Gradients increasing soil salinity, and sulfide concentrations decreasing soil redox

  20. Reciprocal effects of vegetation on soil

  21. SALT MARSH COMMUNITY STRUCTURE

  22. PHOTOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS C3 PATHWAY C4 PATHWAY

  23. Stomata imprints on underside of red mangrove leaf

  24. Measuring photosynthesis and transpiration in a mangrove forest

  25. Definitions tolerator (conformer): an organism that has functional modifications allowing it to survive and often function in the presence of stress. regulator: organisms that actively avoid stress or modify it to minimize its effects (e.g. thermoregulator, osmoregulator, etc.)

  26. SALT STRESS IN ANIMALS

  27. Reptilian tolerance to anoxia

  28. NEKTON ADAPTATIONS

  29. Estuarine-dependent life cycles Brown shrimp Gulf menhaden

  30. Seasonal occurrence of estuarine-dependent species

  31. Quiz # 8 Why is nitrogen fixation inhibited by aerobic conditions? Describe one way in which bacteria deal with anoxia. Describe a mechanism that allows hydrophytes to deal with salinity stress. What is the source of inorganic carbon for plants photosynthesizing under water (i.e., SAV)? What microbial process gives rise to reduced inorganic nitrogen?

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