Bruce Mayer, PE Licensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu

1. Engineering 10 EngineeringHistory Bruce Mayer, PE Licensed Electrical & Mechanical EngineerBMayer@ChabotCollege.edu

2. BackGround • The Earliest “Technical Drawings”, or “BluePrints”, Date Back to About 4000 B.C. With the Fortress Plans of the Chaldean Engineer Gudea • However, The Engineering Discipline Was Not Formalized Until about the 16th Century; We start There

3. European Roots • The French Engineering Tradition Resulted From The Strong National Monarchy of the 16th & 17th Centuries. • Tax collection systems made possible an enlarged and permanent military--the first major employment base for engineers • First projects: • Fortresses (strong enough to resist artillery) • Road and Bridges (to support movement of armies)

4. French Roots cont. • In 1676 the French Minister of War created the CORPS OF ENGINEERS in the French army. • Personnel were recruited from the lower French nobility and the upper middle class • In 1716 the French Royal Government Created the Corps of Bridges & Roads. • A Network Of Roads Was Created To Speed the Deployment Of Troops

5. Early Engineering Schools • First Schools Founded in France • 1747 – école des Ponts et Chausseses (School of Bridges and Roads) • 1749 – école du Corps Royal du Genie (School for Military Engineers) • 1778 - école des Mines (School for Mining Engineers) • 1794 - école PolyTechnique (School for Theoretical and Mathematical Engineering) • By 1800 Engineering was an established profession in France

6. Gaspard Monge, a French Mathematician and Engineer, developed the modern method of “Orthographic Projection” in the 1760’s. This was a State Secret until France allowed Monge to publish his work in 1799 Monge’s Method Made Possible Modern CE & ME Father of the Modern “BluePrint”

7. Engineering in America • The Government remained the primary patron of engineering throughout Europe until Britain's commercial and industrial expansion allowed partnerships and corporations to undertake large and complex projects. • Early American engineering was a blend of French and British engineering traditions.

8. Engineering in America cont. • The outbreak of the American Revolution created asudden demand forengineers. • In 1775 the 2ndContinental Congress established the Corps Of Engineersin the Continental Army.

9. Engineering in America cont. • Until 1783 the Corps of Engineers was lead by, and primarily composed of, French engineers. • The Corps was dissolved along with the Continental army after 1783. • In 1794 Congress authorized the Corps of Artillerists and Engineers and assigned it to the garrison at West Point. • This was the First formalized education program for engineers in America.

10. Engineering in America cont. • First major Govt-financed transportation project was the 365-mile-long Erie Canal in 1816. • Many transportationprojects followed,thus increasing the need for professionally trained engineers.

11. Engineering Workforce Education • Benjamin Wright, Canvass Wright, and James Geddes were hired by the state of New York to oversee the construction of the Erie Canal (1817 to 1820). • They learned engineering by trial-and-error. • Geddes and the Wrights were authorized to hire assistants to help them. • This set the stage for the Engineer apprenticeship training program.

12. Engineering Education cont. • America's Mechanical Engineering needs were met by Engineers trained on-the-job • Most starting as machine-shop apprentices • In 1817 superintendent Sylvanus Thayer introduced a standard four-year engineering curriculum at West Point.

13. Engineering Education cont. • In 1865 the Naval Academy established the Department of Steam Engineering, • One of the First Mechanical Engineering Programs In America

14. Civilian Engineering Education • 1820 - Norwich University, the first civilian engineering school, was founded by Alden Partridge. • By 1834 a 3-year program was in place. • 1824 - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) was founded to train teachers to instruct farmers and artisans on the scientific principles of their vocations. • 1835 Started to Award Civil Engineering degrees • Three-year program in place by 1850

15. American Engineering Education • The Army Academy at West Point, NY remained the major source of Engineering Educators until the late 1860's. • The Morrill Act of 1862 established the Land Grant institutions to teach Agricultural and the Mechanical arts. • Land Grant Universities significantly increased the number of Engineering Educational Programs • 70 by 1872 and 85 by 1880

16. Land Grant Universities

17. American Engineering Education • Mechanical Engineering programs at Land Grant institutions were bolstered when Congress authorized the Navy to detail (assign) surplus officers to teach Steam Engineering and Iron & Steel Ship Design (1879 to 1896).

18. Professional Institutions • 1818 - Institution of Civil Engineers founded in Britain, the FIRST Professional Society for Engineers • 1824 - Franklin Institute of Philadelphia was formed to educate crafts persons in the scientific principles of their work • 1867 - The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) was formed.

19. Professional Institutions • 1871 - The American Institute of Mining Engineers was formed when mining engineers split from the ASCE. • 1880 - American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) established. • 1884 - American Institute of Electrical Engineers founded.

20. American Style of Engineering • By the end of the 19th Century the style of engineering in America Diverged From The French and British styles. • American Engineering stressed efficient use of labor, and economy in design • Commercial Focus • The European Style emphasized strength, safety, permanency, and Style. • Aesthetic Focus

21. Dawn of the Modern Era • By 1900 • there were 40,000 practitioners in the engineering profession in America. • Four professional societies had emerged • Nearly 100 educational programs in Full Operation

22. Bell Labs – NY, NYCirca 1925 Growth of Engineering in America • The transportation, communication and manufacturing systems designed by engineers in the 19th Century grew into capital-intensive enterprises. • Large firms sought to institutionalize and control the inventive process through Industrial Research Laboratories

23. Rapid Expansion in 20th Century • Technology and Practitioners Exploded after about 1900

24. American Engineering Growth • Electrification of America (the utility industry) was accomplished by system builders such as Thomas Edison, Samuel Insull, S.Z. Mitchell and George Westinghouse • These and similar systems (e.g. Telephones) formed the core of engineering employment. • The engineering sciences developed during the late 1800's were now common • Journals & Societies Proliferated

25. Growth of the USA Profession • 1900  40,000 engineers in America (13 engineers per 10,000 workers) • 1950  500,000 engineers • 1960  128 engineers per 10,000 wrkrs • 2006 2,000,000 engineers • By 1950 engineering had become the largest single occupation pursued by American men • Also The second largest occupation claiming professional status.

26. During the Civil War, the Army Corp of Engineers were responsible for building roads and bridges for troop transport. Here the 5th New Hampshire Infantry are building a bridge over the Chickahominy River in Virginia Government Employment • At the turn of the 20th century the Army Corps of Engineers was the major government employer of engineers • few other agencies employed engineers • The Great Depression created new positions for engineers with the birth of public works projects (e.g.; TVA).

27. Government Employment cont. • World War II and the Cold War further increased federal employment of engineers. • 1900 - 15% of engineers employed by government • 1945 - 40% of engineers employed directly or indirectly by government

28. Institutional Development • 1907 - The American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) Founded • 1908 - Chem Engrs left the American Chemical Society to form the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) • 1932 - The Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education (SPEE) • Later became the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET).

29. Institutional Development • 1934 - National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) was formed • Focused on economic issues affecting engineers • Responsible for passing legislation to require licensing of engineers. • Taken from The Engineer in America: A Historical Anthology from Technology and Culture edited by Terry S. Reynolds. 1991.

30. American Innovation • American Inventors/Engineers • Samuel Morse  Telegraph • Robert Fulton  SteamBoat • Eli Whitney  Cotton Gin • Alexander Graham Bell  Telephone • Charles GoodYear  Vulcanized Rubber (for Vehicle Tires) • Oroville & Wilbur Wright  AirPlane • Thomas Edison  Electric Light Bulb

31. American Innovation • American Inventors/Engineers • Henry Ford  Production-Line Manufacturing • Willis Carrier  Air Conditioning • William Shockley  Transistor • Jack Kilby  Planer-Process for Transistor Fabrication • Theodore Maiman  Laser • Edwin Land  Instant Photography • Vinton Cerf  InterNet (TCP/IP)

32. Electrification Automobile Airplane Water Supply & Distribution Electronics Radio and Television Agricultural Mechanization Computers Telephone Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Highways Spacecraft Internet Imaging Household Appliances Health Technologies Petroleum and Petrochemical Technology Laser and Fiber Optics Nuclear Technologies High-performance Materials 20th Century Engineering Impact National Academy of Engineering http://www.greatachievements.org/ 2009

33. Wright Bros. WindTunnel

34. All Done for Today ElectrifytheUSA Edison Jumbo Dynamo No. 1,” 1881

35. Development of the IEEE • IEEE = Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers • IEEE Facts as of 2009 • The World’s Largest Technical Professional Association. • Over 375,000 members in160 countries. • Produces about 30% of the World’s Literature in Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering. • Active Portfolio of nearly 1,300 Standards and Projects Under Development. • Yearly, over 850 Conferences are held Worldwide.

36. Development of the IEEE • 1884 AIEE  American Institute of Electrical Engineers • 1912 IRE  Institute of Radio Engineers • 1963  AIEE and IRE Merge to become the IEEE • 150,000 Members - 93% in the USA • 1993  IEEE Master Brand Developed • 2009  Celebrates125 Years of EE • 375,000 plus Members - 57% in the USA • A truly INTERNATIONAL Organization

37. Gaspard Monge – DG Pioneer • Lived 72 Years • Born: 9 May 1746 in Beaune, Bourgogne, France • Died: 28 July 1818 in Paris, France • Showed Math Brilliance Early in Life • Taught a Physics Course at Age 17 http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Monge.html

38. Gaspard Monge – cont. • Monge attended the Oratorian College in Beaune • This school was intended for young nobles and was run by priests. The school offered instruction in a variety of sources • Religion • Humanities • Mathematics • Natural Sciences. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Monge.html

39. Gaspard Monge – cont.2 • After Completing His Studies in 1764, Monge returned to Beaune where he DREW UP A PLAN OF THE CITY • Officials at École Royale du Génie at Mézières were impressed by Monge's Plan for Beaune • 1765, Monge was appointed to the École Royale du Génie as a Draftsman • Monge worked in his own time developing his ideas of Geometry http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Monge.html

40. Gaspard Monge – cont.3 • While a Draftsman, Monge was asked to draw up a fortification plan which prevented an enemy from either seeing or firing at a military position no matter what the position of the enemy • Monge devised his own GRAPHICAL METHOD to construct such a fortification rather than use the complicated methods then available • Thus Began DESCRIPTIVE Geometry http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Monge.html

41. Gaspard Monge – cont.4 • In March 1794 Monge was appointed École Centrale des Travaux Publics • Soon to become the École Polytechnique • At Polytechnique he was appointed as an instructor in Descriptive Geometry on 9 November 1794 • Monge's lectures on infinitesimal geometry were to form the basis of his book Application de l'analyse à la géométrie http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Monge.html

42. Gaspard Monge – cont.5 • Monge's Geometrie descriptive (1799) was the result of his lectures in this area at École Polytechnique. • He also introduced two planes of projection at right angles to each other for graphical description of solid objects. • He generalized these techniques into a system called Geometrie descriptive, which is now known as ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION, the graphical method used in modern mechanical drawing.

43. Monge was also VERY accomplished Mathematician The basic philosophy behind Monge's approach to Mathematics Geometrization of Mathematics based on: (a) The analogy or correspondence of operations in analysis with geometric transformations (b) The genetic classification and parametrization of surfaces through analysis of the movement of generating lines. Gaspard Monge – PostScript