Mobile and Ad hoc Networks

1. Mobile and Ad hoc Networks Background of Ad hoc Wireless Networks Wireless Communication Technology and Research Ad hoc Routing and Mobile IP and Mobility Wireless Sensor and Mesh Networks Student Presentations Wireless Adhoc and Sensor Networks http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/SP2012/teAWNms/

2. Outline • Wireless Networks • Cellular Networks • Ad hoc Networks • Sensor Networks • Areas of research

3. Coverage of Wireless Mobile Systems

4. Transmission Capacity Transmission capacity as a function of mobility in some radio access systems

5. Medical and Healthcare Applications • Possibility for Remote consulting (including Audio Visual communication)

6. Applications - I • Vehicles • transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB • personal communication using GSM • position via GPS • local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance system, redundancy • vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in advance for maintenance

7. Applications – I (Contd.) • Emergencies • early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first diagnosis • replacement of fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc. • crisis, war, ...

8. Typical application: road traffic

9. Mobile and wireless services – Best Connected

10. Applications - II • Travelling salesmen • direct access to customer files stored in a central location • consistent databases for all agents • mobile office • Replacement of fixed networks • remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities • flexibility for trade shows • LANs in historic buildings

11. Applications – II (Contd.) • Entertainment, education, ... • outdoor Internet access • intelligent travel guide with up-to-date location dependent information • ad-hoc networks for multi user games

12. Location dependent Services • Location aware services • what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local environment • Follow-on services • automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the current location • Information services • „push“: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket • „pull“: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake?

13. Location dependent Services (Contd.) • Support services • caches, intermediate results, state information etc. „follow“ the mobile device through the fixed network • Privacy • who should gain knowledge about the location

14. Wireless systems: overview of the development

15. Simple reference model

16. Influence of mobile communication to the layer model

17. Scope of Wireless technologies

18. The envisioned future of communication

19. Overlay Networks – Solution of the future

20. Areas of research in mobile communication • Wireless Communication • transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay) • modulation, coding, interference • media access, regulations • ... • Mobility • location dependent services • location transparency • quality of service support (delay, jitter, security) • Routing • ...

21. Areas of research in mobile communication • Portability • power consumption • limited computing power, sizes of display, ... • usability • Security • …

22. Classic Mail Store and Forwarding Technique?

23. Fundamentals of Cellular Systems

24. Traffic and Control channels

25. Automatic Location Update

26. Automatic Call Forwarding using HLR-VLR

27. Call Setup from MH (Cell Phone) to BS?

28. Mobility and Handoff

29. Handoff Scenarios with Mobility Locations

30. MANETs: Mobile Ad hoc Networks

31. Mobile Ad hoc Network Characteristics • An autonomous system of nodes (MHs) connected by wireless links • Lack of fixed infrastructure relays • Absence of centralized authority • Peer-to-peer connectivity Multi-hop forwarding to ensure network connectivity • Topology may change dynamically • Random Multi-hop Graph • Energy-constrained • Bandwidth-constrained, variable capacity links

32. Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)

33. Applications of MANETs • Defense applications: On-the-fly communication set up for soldiers on the ground, fighter planes in the air, etc. • Crisis-management applications: Natural disasters, where the entire communication infrastructure is in disarray • Tele-medicine: Paramedic assisting a victim at a remote location can access medical records, can get video conference assistance from a surgeon for an emergency intervention

34. Applications of MANETs (Contd.) • Tele-Geo-processing applications: Combines geographical information system, GPS and high capacity MS, Queries dependent on location-information of the users, and environmental monitoring using sensors • Virtual navigation: A remote database contains geographical representation of streets, buildings, and characteristics of large metropolis and blocks of this data is transmitted in rapid sequence to a vehicle to visualize needed environment ahead of time

35. Applications of MANETs (Contd.) • Education via the internet: Educational opportunities on Internet to students and other interested individuals and it is possible to have last-mile wireless Internet access

36. Embedded Sensor Networks

37. Embedded Sensor Networks • Micro-sensors, on-board • processing, and wireless • interfaces all feasible at • very small scale • can monitor phenomena • “up close” • Will enable spatially and • temporally dense • environmental monitoring • Embedded Networked Sensing will reveal previously unobservable phenomena

38. Example use of a Sensor Network • Measuring pollutant • concentration • Pass on information to • monitoring station • Predict current location of pollutant contour based on various parameters • Take corrective action

39. Wireless Sensor Networks – Architecture

40. What is a Sensor and a Sensor Network? • Portable and self-sustained (power, communication, intelligence) • Capable of embedded complex data processing • Note: Power consumed in transmitting 1Kb data over 100m is equivalent to executing 30M Instructions on 10MIPS processor • Technology trends predict small memory footprint may not be a limitation in future sensor nodes • Equipped with multiple sensing, programmable computing and communication capability

41. Sensors and Wireless Radio • Types of sensors: • Pressure, • Temperature • Light • Biological • Chemical • Strain, fatigue • Tilt • Capable of surviving harsh environments (heat, humidity, corrosion, pollution, radiation, etc.) • Could be deployed in large numbers

42. Wireless Sensor Networks • Wireless sensor networks are a collection of tiny disposable and low power devices • A sensor node is a device that converts a sensed attribute (e.g. temperature, vibration) into a form understandable by users • Wireless sensor networks have been used for years for a number of applications • The number of sensors can be large to cover as much area as desirable • Sensor networks are usually unattended and some degree of fault tolerance needed

43. Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks • Advantages: • Ease of deployment • Extended range • Fault tolerance • Mobility (some) • Limitations: • Low-bandwidth • Error-prone transmissions • Need for collision-free channel access • Limited amount of energy available • Usually sensors placed where it is difficult to replace their batteries

44. Assignment #2 • Define terms and IEEE standards mentioned in Slide 17

45. Q&A • ?