The costs of reducing PM 10 emissions and concentrations in the UK

1. The costs of reducing PM10 emissions and concentrations in the UK A project carried out by AEA Technology for the UK Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) - Contract No EPG 1/8/59 Howard J Rudd, Keith J Vincent JohnR Stedman & Ian T Marlowe Presented by Mike J Woodfield

2. Objectives • Identify main sources and their emissions • Identify possible emission reduction measures and their costs • Construct cost curves for reductions in emissions • Use dispersion modelling to convert the emission cost curves into cost curves based on concentration. • Develop these curves for different years from 1997 to 2015 inclusive, with particular interest for 2003 to 2010. • Carry out the analysis both nationally and for a number of carefully chosen regions in the UK. • Identify the effect of emission reduction measures on emissions of other pollutants.

3. Other industry (small processes) Emission sources

4. Emission sources Power Stations • Major source is coal-fired stations • Gas-fired stations report zero particulate emissions(although this is unlikely) • Only a few oil-fired stations

5. Emission sources Power Stations Coal fired Power Stations in England & Wales, 1999

6. Emission reduction measures Power Stations • Upgrade Electrostatic Precipitators • Fuel Switching • FGD

7. Electrostatic precipitators Improving collection efficiency 1 eliminate leaks to reduce air ingress 2 (for combustion processes) optimise combustion and eliminate excess air 3 improve the voltage control system 4 optimise the rapping sequence 5 reduce the gas velocity through the device 6 replace the unit with a newer more efficient design

8. Electrostatic precipitators Improving collection efficiency • Assume all UK power stations have already achieved a stack concentration of 50mg/m3 by applying measures 1 to 4 above. • Table shows costs for option 5 above

9. Fuel Switching • Close down old coal fired plants • Replace with efficient modern CCGT stations Capital cost of new CCGT station = £300/kWe of generating capacity Fuel cost saving = £3,000/MW of generating capacity Overall cost = £5,600/tonne abated

10. FGD 2000 MW power Station • Capital cost = £100M • Operating cost = £2M/year • Overall cost = £39,000/tonne abated

11. Cost Curve

12. Dispersion modelling • Population weighted annual arithmetic mean concentration • Contribution of each emission source • Nationally and for 6 case study regions

13. Regional Analysis

14. Concentration cost curve

15. Conclusions 1 • Many measures for reducing PM10 emissions are very expensive in terms of the cost per tonne abated. • Reducing emissions below 80 kte/y is virtually impossible using measures applied to stationary sources alone. • Reducing emissions to about 100kte may be feasible, although the costs to industry would still be quite high.

16. Conclusions 2 • The contribution of stationary sources to ambient concentrations, both nationally and in the case study regions, are all small compared with the contribution of road transport • Measurements to better characterise: • Domestic gas combustion and • Quarrying would be highly beneficial