4.4 Genetic engineering and biotechnology

1. 4.4 Genetic engineering and biotechnology TODAY: Submit carbohydrates, lipids and proteins packet Quiz on 3.1 – 3.3 Tuesday

3. DNA profiling • Identify natural variations found in every person’s DNA • Use variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) • Short, repeated sequences of nucleotides e.g. CACACA, ATTCGATTCG • Number of repeats are highly variable • No known function

4. 4.4 How is DNA profiling useful? • Forensic investigations • Collect samples such as blood or semen to use as evidence for court case • Investigate paternity • The bands on the child's fragments are either found on the mother or the male1.

5. DNA fingerprinting 1. Isolate DNA from biological materials from the crime scene (hair, blood, etc.) and possible suspects

6. DNA fingerprinting 2. Polymerase chain reaction • Purpose: make copies of DNA • Two strands of DNA separate (DNA denaturation due to high temperature) • DNA polymerase from Thermusaquaticus(a bacteria that lives in hot springs) • Synthesizes new DNA strand by using complementary strand as template

8. DNA fingerprinting process 3. Cut the DNA into small fragments via restriction enzymes 4. Gel electrophoresis • Method of separating mixture of DNA • Mixture placed in well • Electric field is applied gel via electrodes • Separate according to size and charge (highly charged molecules move faster)

9. DNA profiling 6. Add radioactive probe • DNA fragment containing nucleotide bases complementary to gene of interest • Hybridization

11. Try this! DNA profiling – M. Anderson http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbR9xMXuK7c Gel electrophoresis virtual lab http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/ http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/popups/int_dnaprofiling.html

12. 4.4 Genetic Modification

13. Gene transfer • Universality of genetic code allows genes to be transferred from one organism to the other • Genes are transferred between species, the amino acid sequence of polypetidestranslated from them is unchanged • GMO = genetically modified organism

14. To do Get into groups of three. Using the poster paper provided, create a mind map around the question: should genetically modified organisms be allowed? Include reasons for why someone (or groups) would be in favor of GMOs, and why some might be against. Color the reasons that you feel strongly about.

15. 4.4 Genetic Modification EQ: Should GMOs be allowed? 1. In your blog: What statement do you feel very strongly about on your GMO poster and why? 2. Announcement: STEPWISE

16. How do you create a GMO?

17. How do you create a GMO? • Three components: • 1. The gene you want to transfer • 2. The organism you want to put it into (target species) • 3. The vector to carry the gene into the target species • Plasmid= medium (vector) by which genes of interest are transferred to host • Small loops of bacterial DNA

18. Cutting, pasting and copying DNA • Restriction enzymes • used to cut the desired section of the DNA • recognizes unique sequences of DNA in plasmid and in gene of interest • Cuts complementary sticky ends in gene of interest and plasmid • allow incorporation of gene of interest into plasmids • DNA ligase • creates covalent bonds by joining together gene of interest within plasmid, • producing recombinant DNA

20. Golden Rice Project (2000) – a solution to malnutrition? • Vitamin A deficiency affect immune system, eyesight  premature death of children • Provitamin A (beta carotene) in grain

21. Some places to begin • http://www.goldenrice.org/ • http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/agriculture/problem/genetic-engineering/Greenpeace-and-Golden-Rice/ • http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/oct/14/gm-crops-is-opposition-to-golden-rice-wicked

22. 4.4 Genetic Modification EQ: Should GMOs be allowed? TODAY Look at the items on the table: what is common amongst all of them? Pay attention to the ingredients listed.

24. Worldwide GM crop • “North America: • The US is still the biggest producer of GM crops (58m hectares of GM soya, corn, cotton, canola, squash, papaya, alfalfa). • Canada has 7m hectares of GM cotton, corn and soya. • Central/South America: • Pro-GM Argentina continues to be the second biggest producer of GM crops (19m hectares of GM soya, corn and cotton). • Brazil is producing an ever-growing quantity of GM soya and cotton (15m hectares). • Mexico is producing a small amoung of GM cotton and soya. • Paraguay, Uruguay, Colombia, Chile and Honduras have all started producing GM crops.” http://www.its.caltech.edu/~johnmm/gmosAgriculture.htm

25. Worldwide GM crop • “Europe: Spain, France, Czech Republic, Portugal, Germany, Slovakia, Romania and Poland all commercially produce small quantities of GM corn. • Africa: South Africa is alone in GM crop production (2m hectares of GM corn, soya and cotton). • India: Produces a sizeable quantity of GM corn (6m hectares). • Asia: China is producing GM cotton, tomato and papaya; but also has their own GM varieties of poplar, petunia and sweet pepper (4m hectares). • The Philippines continue to produce a small amount of GM corn. • Australia: Produces a small amount of GM cotton.” http://www.its.caltech.edu/~johnmm/gmosAgriculture.htm

29. Rachel Parent • Activism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIXER_yZUBg

30. 4.4 Genetic engineering and biotechnology Blog: Describe the process of DNA profiling. Feedback distributer: Fernanda

31. 4.4.5 The Human Genome Project • Begun formally in 1990 the international projects aims • Completed April 2003 Findings: • Number and loci of all genes in our genome (30,000). Fewer than expected => complex relationship between genes. • New proteins and functions discovered. Better drugs design using knowledge of protein structure • DNA comparisons can be made with other species. Closely related species share more similarities in the DNA sequence. Used to infer evolutionary history.

32. The Human Genome Project • Genetic ‘report card’: contains individual genetic information • Who should have access? • How should they use it?

33. GMO & Cloning Feedback distributer: Diego If your topic is GMO, please sit in the middle. Announcement: Learning Log

34. Monsanto • America’s BIG Agricultural biotechnology cooperation • “Roundup”: Crops genetically designed to tolerate herbicide • 80% of soybean, corn, cotton, sugar beets, and canola seeds grown in US are from Monsanto

35. Gene patenting • Patent = Intellectual property right • Right to prevent others from making, using selling patented product without permission

36. Discussion

37. Cloning • Clone= group of genetically identical organisms or group of cells derived from single parent

38. Dolly – Word’s most famous sheep • Born 1996 • Three sheep: DNA donor, Egg cell donor, surrogate mother • Electric shock causes two cell membranes to fuse and mitosis to trigger • Embryo implanted into surrogate mother • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/

39. Why clone? • Cloning for medical purposes • Cloning animal models of disease: create multiple copies of transgenic organism with disease causing mutation in genes • “Pharming” for drug production • Farm animals such as cows, sheep and goats are genetically engineered to produce drugs or proteins • Cloning stem cells for research

40. Why clone? • Retrieving endangered or extinct species • Cloning dinosaurs? • Need well preserved DNA • Reproducing a deceased pet • Cat cloning service in US

41. Why clone? • Cloning humans? • Couples that can’t have child • Couples that have lost child • Does everyone have right to have children, regardless of how they are created? • Is human cloning playing with nature?