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Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism

Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism. Chapter 7. Regional Economies Create Differences. Section 1. Another Revolution Affects America. Eli Whitney sparks change Interchangeable parts From artisans to factories Allows for mass production Cheapest but most profitable

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Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism

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  1. Balancing Nationalismand Sectionalism Chapter 7

  2. Regional Economies Create Differences Section 1

  3. Another Revolution Affects America • Eli Whitney sparks change • Interchangeable parts • From artisans to factories • Allows for mass production • Cheapest but most profitable • Sparks the Industrial Revolution

  4. Industrial Revolution • Started in Britain • Power driven machines • US had more people than jobs • In America during Embargo 1807 & War of 1812 • Starts in New England • Leads to social & economical reorganization

  5. Two Agricultural Systems Develop • Agriculture grows in north • OH, IN, IL, WI, MI • Small farms, no cash crops • No major labor, slavery dies out • Cash crops thrive in south • Whitney’s cotton gin • Mass produce cotton • Large plantations, demand for slavery

  6. Slavery Becomes Entrenched • Plantations require large labor force • Slaves profitable • Production of cotton increased # of slaves • 1790-1810: • Cotton production • 3,000 bales to 178,000 bales • Slave population • 700,000 to 1.2 million

  7. Clay Proposes American System • Madison’s Plan • Protective tariff • Resurrecting national bank • Transportation systems • Backed by Henry C. Clay • Approve Tariff of 1816 • Second Bank of United States

  8. Transportation Improvements • Improvement of national roads • National Road in 1811, MD to IL • 1817-1825 Erie Canal built • Connected Atlantic to Great Lakes

  9. Nationalism at Center Stage Section 2

  10. The Steamboat • 1807: Robert Fulton • What’s difference from older ships? • Carried freight & passengers • Used all waterways

  11. Supreme Court Boosts National Power • 1808: Fulton receives charter • Exclusive right to all NY waterways • Profit leads to monopoly • Monopoly: exclusive legal control of a commercial activity • Charge operators for licenses • Different licenses for various parts of rivers

  12. Ogden v. Gibbons • 2 steamboat operators compete over territory • Aaron Ogden & Thomas Gibbons • Hudson into NJ • Ogden sues Gibbons • SC rules interstate commerce regulated only by federal gov’t • Strengthen gov’t control over economy • 1819: McCulloch v. Maryland • Declared tax on bank unconstitutional

  13. Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy • John Quincy Adams est. foreign policy on nationalism • National interests over regional • Security & expansion • Treaties with Britain • 1819: Adams-Onis Treaty: Spain cedes FL

  14. Monroe Doctrine • Russia & European countries expanding • Need to respond • Americans want Mexico & Cuba • 1823: Monroe warns European powers to stay out of Western Hemisphere • U.S. would stay out of European affairs

  15. Missouri Compromise • Missouri wants in • Until 1818: 10 free, 10 slave • IL enters as free state • Missouri slave state? • Bill passed: Missouri frees slaves • South accuses North of ending slavery • Civil war? • 1820: Maine enters free, Missouri slave

  16. The Age of Jackson Section 3

  17. Expanding Democracy Changes Politics • John Q. Adams inadequate • Ties Jackson election 1824 • Popular • Electoral • Henry Clay swings election • Doesn’t like Jackson • Jacksonians split from Republican party • To form what party? • Democratic Republican

  18. Democracy and Citizenship • States expand suffrage • Less requirements to vote • Election of 1824 • 350,000 voters • Election of 1828 • About 1.2 million

  19. Jackson’s New Presidential Style • Appeals to common people • Wins election of 1828 by landslide • “Old Hickory” finally in office • Federal positions held 4 years • Implements spoils system • Giving federal jobs to friends

  20. Removal of Native Americans • Mixed feelings among whites • Five Civilized Tribes • Occupy valuable lands • GA, NC, SC, etc • Jackson forces Natives west • Congress passes Indian Removal Act • Claim would maintain way of life

  21. Trail of Tears • US troops move more NA • Cherokee sue Jackson • Marshall sides with Cherokee • Jackson doesn’t listen • Land given to federal gov’t • 800 mile trip west • More than 25% die

  22. Jackson, States’ Rights,& the National Bank Section 4

  23. Tariff Raises States’ Rights Issue • Tariff of 1828, Tariff of Abominations • Less trade w/Britain • Southerners hurt financially • North benefitting? • Attacked by John C. Calhoun • Makes it states’ rights issue • “South Carolina Exposition”

  24. The Nullification Theory • South forced to buy Northern goods • Farmers leaving SC • Calhoun challenges Constitution • Argues states have right to nullify a law • Or had right to cede from Union

  25. Debate between Hayne & Webster • Robert Hayne(SC) & Daniel Webster(MA) • Hayne for states’ rights • Tariffs will condemn South • Federal gov’t limitless power • Webster for federal government • No middle course • Resistance lead to rebellion • What was Jackson’s view? • “Our Union: it must be preserved.”

  26. South Carolina Rebels • 1832: SC opposed Tariff of 1832 • Tariffs of 1828 & 1832 nullified by SC • Threaten to secede • Jackson furious, threat of his own • Troops to SC • Henry Clay makes compromise • Tariff of 1833 – duties gradually lowered

  27. Jackson Attacks National Bank • Nat. Bank in Phila. • 1832: Jackson vetoes renewal of BUS • Charter expires in 1836 • Clay & Webster use charter as campaign ploy • Think Jackson will lose support w/ veto • Underestimate public dislike of bank

  28. Jackson Opposes Bank • “Banks don’t care about common people” • Corrupt in politics • Richer become richer • Federal tax revenues in BUS, NOT state/private banks • Stockholders earn interest • Lower rates for congressmen • Pet Banks destroy BUS • BUS charter doesn’t pass • Clay/Webster form Whig Party

  29. Successors Deal with Jackson’s Legacy • Jackson’s bank war inherited by Martin Van Buren • Leads to Panic of 1837 • Election of 1840 • Harrison dies after month • John Tyler inherits presidency

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