Presentation Transcript

1. Period 6: Accelerating Global Change andRealignments c. 1900 to the Present *The Notes are Straight from the AP Board (not the articles:} )
2. Key Concept 6.1 Science and the Environment Rapid advances in science altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to the development of new technologies. These changes enabled unprecedented population growth, which altered how humans interacted with the environment and threatened delicate ecological balances at local, regional, and global levels. I. Researchers made rapid advances in science that spread throughout the world, assisted by the development of new technology. A. New modes of communication and transportation virtually eliminated the problem of geographic distance. Examples of migrant ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world: Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, North America Indians in East and southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia Example of the regulation of Immigrants: The White Australia Policy B. New scientific paradigms transformed human understanding of the world. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity C. The Green Revolution produced food for the earth’s growing population as it spread chemically and genetically enhanced forms of agriculture. D. Medical innovations increased the ability of humans to survive. E. Energy technologies including the use of oil and nuclear power raised productivity and increased the production of material goods.
3. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity “In the early 1900s, scientists held firm to the Newtonian view of the world. Then a German-born mathematician and physicist by the name of Albert Einstein came along and changed everything. In 1905, Einstein published his theory of special relativity, which put forth a startling idea: There is no preferred frame of reference. Everything, even time, is relative. Two important principles underpinned his theory. The first stated that the same laws of physics apply equally in all constantly moving frames of reference. The second said that the speed of light -- about 186,000 miles per second - is constant and independent of the observer's motion or the source of light. According to Einstein, if Superman were to chase a light beam at half the speed of light, the beam would continue to move away from him at exactly the same speed. These concepts seem deceptively simple, but they have some mind-bending implications. One of the biggest is represented by Einstein's famous equation, E = mc², where E is energy, m is mass and c is the speed of light; mass and energy are the same physical entity and can be changed into each other… the energy an object has due to its motion will increase its mass. In other words, the faster an object moves, the greater its mass.
4. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity Continued… This only becomes noticeable when an object moves really quickly. If it moves at 10 percent the speed of light, for example, its mass will only be 0.5 percent more than normal. But if it moves at 90 percent the speed of light, its mass will double. As an object approaches the speed of light, its mass rises precipitously. If an object tries to travel 186,000 miles per second, its mass becomes infinite, and so does the energy required to move it. For this reason, no normal object can travel as fast or faster than the speed of light… "What if you traveled almost as fast as the speed of light?" In that case, you would experience some interesting effects. One famous result is something physicists call time dilation, which describes how time runs more slowly for objects moving very rapidly. If you flew on a rocket traveling 90 percent of light-speed, the passage of time for you would be halved. Your watch would advance only 10 minutes, while more than 20 minutes would pass for an Earthbound observer...” http://science.howstuffworks.com “As [Einstein] worked out the equations for his general theory of relativity, Einstein realized that massive objects caused a distortion in space-time. Imagine setting a large body in the center of a trampoline. The body would press down into the fabric, causing it to dimple. A marble rolled around the edge would spiral inward toward the body, pulled in much the same way that the gravity of a planet pulls at rocks in space.” http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html
5. Einstein's theory of general relativity predicted that the space-time around Earth would be not only warped but also twisted by the planet's rotation. Gravity Probe B showed this to be correct.Credit: NASA
6. The Polio Vaccination “On March 26, 1953, American medical researcher Dr. Jonas Salk announces on a national radio show that he has successfully tested a vaccine against poliomyelitis, the virus that causes the crippling disease of polio… a disease that has affected humanity throughout recorded history, attacks the nervous system and can cause varying degrees of paralysis. Since the virus is easily transmitted, epidemics were commonplace in the first decades of the 20th century… In the first decades of the 20th century, treatments were limited to quarantines and the infamous "iron lung," a metal coffin-like contraption that aided respiration. Although children, and especially infants, were among the worst affected, adults were also often afflicted, including future president Franklin D. Roosevelt, who in 1921 was stricken with polio at the age of 39 and was left partially paralyzed. Roosevelt was instrumental in raising funds for polio-related research … In 1954, clinical trials using the Salk vaccine and a placebo began on nearly two million American schoolchildren. In April 1955, it was announced that the vaccine was effective and safe, and a nationwide inoculation campaign began. New polio cases dropped to under 6,000 in 1957, the first year after the vaccine was widely available. In 1962, an oral vaccine developed by Polish-American researcher Albert Sabin became available, greatly facilitating distribution of the polio vaccine. Today, there are just a handful of polio cases in the United States every year, and most of these are "imported" by Americans from developing nations where polio is still a problem. Among other honors, Jonas Salk was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977.” www.history.com
7. Polio Continued… Bobby Hill, three months old, is the youngest polio victim ever treated in an Iron Lung at Cincinnati General Hospital. (1954) Dr. Jonas Salk
8. Key Concept 6.1 Continued… II. As the global population expanded at an unprecedented rate, humans fundamentally changed their relationship with the environment. A. Humans exploited and competed over the earth’s finite resources more intensely than ever before in human history. B. Global warming was a major consequence of the release of greenhouse gases and other pollutants into the atmosphere. C. Pollution threatened the world’s supply of water and clean air. Deforestation and desertification were continuing consequences of the human impact on the environment. Rates of extinction of other species accelerated sharply. III. Disease, scientific innovations, and conflict led to demographic shifts. A. Diseases associated with poverty persisted, while other diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to human survival. In addition, changing lifestyles and increased longevity led to higher incidence of certain diseases. B. More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility and transformed sexual practices. C. Improved military technology and new tactics led to increased levels of wartime casualties. [i.e. trench warfare, the nuclear bomb] Examples of Wartime Casualties: Nanjing, the Holocaust, Hiroshima & Nagasaki
9. Disease Associated with Poverty: Malaria “Malaria kills a child somewhere in the world every minute. It infects approximately 219 million people each year (a range of 154 – 289 million), with an estimated 660,00 deaths, mostly children in Africa. Ninety per cent of malaria deaths occur in Africa, where malaria accounts for about one in six of all childhood deaths. The disease also contributes greatly to anemia among children — a major cause of poor growth and development. Malaria infection during pregnancy is associated with severe anemia and other illness in the mother and contributes to low birth weight among newborn infants — one of the leading risk factors for infant mortality and sub-optimal growth and development. Malaria has serious economic impacts in Africa, slowing economic growth and development and perpetuating the vicious cycle of poverty . Malaria is truly a disease of poverty — afflicting primarily the poor who tend to live in malaria-prone rural areas in poorly-constructed dwellings that offer few, if any, barriers against mosquitoes. Malaria is both preventable and treatable, and effective preventive and curative tools have been developed. Sleeping under insecticide treated nets can reduce overall child mortality by 20 per cent… Prompt access to effective treatment can further reduce deaths. Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy can significantly reduce the proportion of low birth weight infants and maternal anemia. Unfortunately, many children, especially in Africa, continue to die from malaria as they do not sleep under insecticide-treated nets and are unable to access life-saving treatment within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. The proportion of the population sleeping under an ITN – which represents the population directly protected – was estimated to be 36% in 2013… There is increasing evidence that where they occur together, malaria and HIV infections interact. Malaria worsens HIV by increasing viral load in adults and pregnant women; possibly accelerating progression to AIDS; and potentially increasing the risk of HIV transmission between adults, and between a mother and her child. In adults with low CD4 cell counts and pregnant women, HIV infection appears to make malaria worse. However great progress has been made in the past decade. Malaria mortality rates, which take into account population growth, are estimated to have decreased by 45 per cent globally across all age groups between 2000 and 2012, and by 51 per cent in children under 5 years of age. In the African Region, malaria death rates decreased by 49% across all age groups and by 54% in children under 5 years of age (25%).” http://www.unicef.org/health/index_malaria.html
10. Malaria Continued… 2 infected children, Congo, 2010 UNICEF sponsored mosquito nets 5 month old Julia, Mozambique, date unknown
11. Emergent Epidemic Disease: HIV “Scientists identified a type of chimpanzee in West Africa as the source of HIV infection in humans. They believe that the chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus (called simian immunodeficiency virus or SIV) most likely was transmitted to humans and mutated into HIV when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came into contact with their infected blood. Over decades, the virus slowly spread across Africa and later into other parts of the world. The earliest known case of infection with HIV-1 in a human was detected in a blood sample collected in 1959 from a man in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. (How he became infected is not known.) Genetic analysis of this blood sample suggested that HIV-1 may have stemmed from a single virus in the late 1940s or early 1950s. We know that the virus has existed in the United States since at least the mid- to late 1970s. From 1979–1981 rare types of pneumonia, cancer, and other illnesses were being reported by doctors in Los Angeles and New York among a number of male patients who had sex with other men. These were conditions not usually found in people with healthy immune systems. In 1982 public health officials began to use the term "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome," or AIDS, to describe the occurrences of opportunistic infections, Kaposi's sarcoma (a kind of cancer), and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in previously healthy people. Formal tracking (surveillance) of AIDS cases began that year in the United States. In 1983, scientists discovered the virus that causes AIDS. The virus was at first named HTLV-III/LAV (human T-cell lymphotropic virus-type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus) by an international scientific committee. This name was later changed to HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)....” http://www.theaidsinstitute.org/node/259
12. HIV Continued… “Justin Goforth was just a 26-year-old nursing student when he had unprotected sex with another man and, as a result, got the diagnosis that changed his life. "I started to feel like I had the flu -- aches, pains, chills, fever, swollen lymph nodes, that kind of thing -- and so I went to my doctor ... we did a viral load test, which was rare back then ... and he called me and said, you know, it came back (HIV) positive.“ It was 1992. Goforth's doctor immediately sent him to the National Institutes of Health, where research was being done, but treatment options were, at the time, still few. Patients were being treated with AZT, the first drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1987 to treat HIV/AIDS in the United States -- by then known for its serious, even life-threatening side effects… That was then, but what does it mean to have HIV today, after years of research and advances in treatment? "It means likely you can have a normal lifespan and have a similar life to someone who does not have HIV," says Dr. Ray Martins, chief medical officer at Whitman-Walker Health in Washington. "For people who had to deal with the medications and stuff from the '80s and '90s, it was a bit of a rough road there, so figuring out the virus and the medications that would work effectively with the least side effects, it took a while," Martins says. "But now we're at the point where we have three options for one pill, once-a-day regimens with very little side effects.“ In 1981, when the virus was discovered, being HIV-positive was considered a death sentence. For most patients today, it's a chronic disease, much like diabetes or heart disease. Goforth is a perfect example. He has been living with the disease for 21 years and today is a healthy 47-year-old. Instead of the difficult treatment regimen he was on back then. which included some 40 pills five times a day with "horrific" side effects, he now takes five pills twice a day "with virtually no side effects," he says. For the last 7½ years, Goforth, who is a registered nurse, tells [his patients] living with HIV today means that you can be healthy, thrive and live a normal lifespan without complications. "You can go to your doctor two, three times a year, get some tests done and make sure everything's on track, and then just live the rest of your life as you would," he says. "Follow your dreams ... have your career, your family, or whatever it is that you'd like to do with your life, and that is the truth of where we are.“ Today's science, he said, supports that…
13. HIV Continued… About 1.1 million Americans live with HIV, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. But because of improved treatments, they're living longer and their quality of life is better. "If a person is HIV infected today, it is important that they put themselves under the care of a physician experienced in caring for HIV-infected individuals," says Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health. "Depending on the stage of infection, it is highly likely that it will be recommended that the person begin antiretroviral therapy (ART).“ ART is a combination of at least three antiretroviral drugs that prevents the virus from replicating. It can also help reduce virus transmission. Unlike years ago, when effective treatments were not available, HIV patients now benefit significantly from ART, Fauci says. "These drugs are highly effective in suppressing HIV replication and, if taken as directed, can result in the HIV-infected individual having an almost normal lifespan without experiencing serious illness related to their HIV infection.“ And so, on this 25th World AIDS Day, Goforth has mixed emotions. It's a day that, in the past, has been incredibly sad and traumatic for him. Now, he says, he has tremendous hope. "I see the freight train being slowed down so that we can turn it around," he says. "Even five, six years ago, I'm not sure that I could have said that I had the hope that that was going to happen, but I think we're at that point we're at a really historical moment with this.“ Each November in advance of World AIDS Day, POZ, an award winning magazine started in 1994 to provide education and information for people living with and affected by the disease, names its "POZ 100" -- HIV-positive people who are unsung heroes in the fight against AIDS, and committed to ending the epidemic. This year, Goforth is on that list.” By Saundra Young, CNN Sun December 1, 2013
14. Disease Associated with Changing Lifestyle: Diabetes Type II “Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents; about 151,000 people below the age of 20 years have diabetes. When diabetes strikes during childhood, it is routinely assumed to be type 1, or juvenile-onset diabetes. However, in the last 2 decades, type 2 diabetes (formerly known as adult-onset diabetes) has been reported among U.S. children and adolescents with increasing frequency. Type 2 diabetes begins when the body develops a resistance to insulin and no longer uses the insulin properly. As the need for insulin rises, the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce sufficient amounts of insulin to regulate blood sugar. Health care providers are finding more and more children with type 2 diabetes, a disease usually diagnosed in adults aged 40 years or older. A statistically significant increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents was found only for American Indians. The epidemics of obesity and the low level of physical activity among young people, as well as exposure to diabetes in utero, may be major contributors to the increase in type 2 diabetes during childhood and adolescence. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents already appears to be a sizable and growing problem among U.S. children and adolescents. Better physician awareness and monitoring of the disease’s magnitude will be necessary.” http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/projects/cda2.htm
15. Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and TheirConsequences At the beginning of the twentieth century, a European-dominated global political order existed, which also included the United States, Russia, and Japan. Over the course of the century, peoples and states around the world challenged this order in ways that sought to redistribute power within the existing order and to restructure empires, while those peoples and states in power attempted to maintain the status quo. Other peoples and states sought to overturn the political order itself. These challenges to, and the attempts to maintain, the political order manifested themselves in an unprecedented level of conflict with high human casualties. In the context of these conflicts, many regimes in both older and newer states struggled with maintaining political stability and were challenged by internal and external factors, including ethnic and religious conflicts, secessionist movements, territorial partitions, economic dependency, and the legacies of colonialism. I. Europe dominated the global political order at the beginning of the twentieth century, but both land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to new forms of transregional political organization by the century’s end. A. The older land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors. [i.e. the Qing empire collapsed due to the British imposed opium trade (external) and distrust of the Manchu rulers (internal)]
16. Key Concept 6.2 Continued… B. Some colonies negotiated their independence. [i.e. India from the British Empire] C. Some colonies achieved independence through armed struggle. [Vietnam from the French Empire] II. Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states. A. Nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa challenged imperial rule. [i.e. Mohandas Gandhi] B. Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged both colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries. C. Transnational movements sought to unite people across national boundaries. [i.e. Pan-Africanism] D. Movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism and socialism. III. Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences. A. The redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to population resettlements. [i.e. the India/Pakistan partition, the Zionist Jewish settlement of Palestine, and the division of the Middle East into mandatory states]
17. Regional, religious, and ethnic movements: The Québécois separatist movement “Beginning in the 1960s Quebec was the center of militant agitation to separate it from Canada and establish a French-speaking nation. In 1969 French and English were both declared the official languages of Canada. In 1970 terrorist acts by alleged separatists were climaxed by the kidnapping and murder of Quebec's minister of labor and immigration, Pierre Laporte. The federal government sent in troops and temporarily suspended civil liberties. In 1974 French became the official language of the province. A party pledged to Quebec separatism won the 1976 provincial election and passed several measures to strengthen the movement. Under a controversial law adopted in 1977, education in English-language schools was greatly restricted. The charter also changed English place-names and imposed French as the language of business, court judgments, laws, government regulations, and public institutions. Although the separatist party retained power, a referendum to make the province an independent country was rejected by the Quebec voters in 1980. The Quebec government opposed the 1982 constitution, which included a provision for freedom of language in education, and unsuccessfully sought a veto over constitutional change. In 1984 the Supreme Court ruled against Quebec's schooling restrictions. In 1987 the Meech Lake constitutional accord recognized Quebec as a "distinct society" and transferred extensive new powers to all the provinces. Quebec promised that it would accept the 1982 constitution if the accord was approved by all the rest of the provinces. The House of Commons ratified the Meech Lake accord on June 22, 1988, but the accord died on June 23, 1990, after Newfoundland and Manitoba withheld their support. A new set of constitutional proposals hammered out by a parliamentary committee was agreed upon in 1992. They called for decentralization of federal powers, an elected Senate, and special recognition of Quebec as a distinct society. In a referendum held in October 1992, Canadians decisively turned down the constitutional changes. Quebec voters narrowly rejected secession from Canada in a 1995 referendum.” http://www.linksnorth.com/canada-history/quebecsep.html
18. Quebec City… Ooo La La!
19. Key Concept 6.2 Continued… B. The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropolesmaintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires. [i.e. Algerians to France] C. The proliferation of conflicts led to various forms of ethnic violence and the displacement of peoples resulting in refugee populations. [i.e. the Holocaust, Armenian Genocide, Rwanda Genocide, Khmer Rouge…] IV. Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented global scale. A. World War I and World War II were the first “total wars.” Governments used ideologies, including fascism, nationalism and communism, to mobilize all of their state’s resources, including peoples, both in the home countries and the colonies or former colonies, for the purpose of waging war. Governments also used a variety of strategies, including political speeches, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize these populations. B. The sources of global conflict in the first half of the century varied. Examples of the sources of global conflict: Imperialist expansion by European powers and Japan Competition for resources Ethnic conflict Great power rivalries between Great Britain and Germany Nationalist ideologies The economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression.
20. Algerians in France Today “It is now half a century since Algeria, the jewel in the crown of Gallic imperialism, finally won its independence, so ending 132 years of often barbarous rule from Paris that culminated in a war in which more than a million Algerians died. This week the French president, François Hollande, is on a two-day state visit to the country. His main task is effectively to offer a qualified apology for what happened… Moreover, Hollande will use the platitudinous jargon of modern global government to make the case for increased economic integration between the two countries, highlighting France's continuing friendship with her oil- and gas-rich North African partner... France is now Algeria's main trade partner, and it has to compete with countries including Britain, China and the US for highly lucrative markets. Algeria's president, AbdelazizBouteflika, will use the visit to show off positive business developments in the relationship between the two countries, including the building of a new Renault factory in Oran and the signing of at least 15 new contracts for the construction of trams, water-treatment plants, telecommunications and other infrastructure projects… Hollande will become the first French head of state to address both houses of parliament in Algiers since the country's independence in 1962. Earlier this year Hollande broke the official state silence over the murders of as many as 200 Algerians during a pro-independence demonstration in Paris in October 1961, recognizing the "bloody repression" of thousands of Algerians living in mainland France. What Hollande's trip to Algeria fails to acknowledge, however, is just how oppressed so many French-Algerians still feel today. This is not because of what happened to their parents or grandparents but because of the uniquely divisive way in which modern France continues to treat people still viewed as immigrants, rather than bona fide citizens. Decades which saw France denying political rights and using overwhelming force to maintain its colony created a two-tier system which, in simple terms, involved a ruling French class and a servile Algerian one. This, equally starkly, is why French-Algerian communities still live on impoverished housing estates, go to bad schools, and have few opportunities for social advancement. At best they get menial jobs, at worst they end up unemployed or in prison….” by Nabila Ramandi The Guardian Dec 2012
21. Algerians in France Continued… Supporters of the Algerian football team celebrate on the Champs Elysées after the side qualified for the World Cup finals by beating Egypt 1-0 in a play-off. Photograph by Thomas Coex/AFP Photograph: Thomas Coex/AFP/Getty Images
22. Palestinian Refugees Of the four core issues to resolve for an Israeli-Palestinian peace (security, borders/settlements, Jerusalem and Palestinian refugees) it is the refugee question that gets the least attention by non-specialists. And it is the core issue least addressed publically in detail by Israeli and Palestinian leaders. Israelis, including Prime Minister Netanyahu, emphasize that Israel will not jeopardize the Jewish character of their state by allowing any Palestinian “right of return.” At the 2011 U.N. General Assembly, he said “we want them to give up the fantasy of flooding Israel with millions of Palestinians.” (Israel now has about 1.5 million Palestinian citizens, 20% of the population, and about 290,000 Palestinians living in Jerusalem.) Palestinians, including President Abbas at the same UNGA, focus on the suffering of the refugees and call for implementation of their “sacred” rights as stated in U.N. Resolution 194 of December 11, 1948, that “refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbors should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return…” What is a Palestinian refugee? How did they come to be refugees? The operational definition of the U.N. Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA) is any person whose “normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948 and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict.” UNRWA includes successor generations in this definition, meaning that the number of refugees who qualify under UNRWA standards is now nearly five million…
23. Palestinian Refugees Continued Palestinian refugees face widely different circumstances. In the West Bank and Gaza their standard of living is similar to that of the non-refugee population. In Jordan, most are full citizens, live similarly to other citizens and only about 17% live in camps, which effectively have become urban neighborhoods. In Syria, the refugees are non-citizens but have normal access to employment and social services, and their condition is about the same as others in Syria. In Lebanon, stateless refugees are prohibited from owning property and have many restrictions on seeking employment, inducing many to leave the country. Elsewhere in the Arab world, the Palestinians are typically treated as foreign visitors and residents. The government of Israel has long been ambivalent about UNRWA but the prevailing view is that its educational, health and material support of the refugees in the West Bank, Gaza and beyond has been a source of stability and has relieved Israel of a large burden of care. Similarly, the PA strongly supports continued UNRWA operations in the West Bank and Gaza, as well as in the Arab countries. These are the basic facts. But Israelis and Palestinians hold very different narratives on how the Palestinians actually came to be refugees, who is responsible and what should be done to resolve the problem. The underlying basis of this difference is that the refugee issue is inextricably a part of Israel’s founding narrative on the one hand and of the Palestinian narrative of dispossession and catastrophe (al Nakba) on the other. Moreover, the nearly 1.5 million Palestinians now living in camps are an enormous humanitarian challenge.
24. Palestinian Refugees The Palestinian narrative holds that the dispossessions started well before the 1948 war with Zionist armed groups terrorizing Palestinian towns and villages, killing, expelling and frightening some 700,000 inhabitants to leave. These armed groups also destroyed many villages. This all followed a conscious decision of the Zionist leaders and continued during and for months after the war. The same thing happened again in the 1967 war. To resolve the issue, Palestinians refer to Resolution 194 and demand that the refugees be given the choices stated therein, including the right of return, and also that they have the right to Palestinian citizenship or of the country of their choosing. Israel must acknowledge responsibility and pay compensation. The Israeli narrative holds that the 1948 war was forced on them because the Arabs rejected the U.N. partition plan of 1947, that most refugees fled voluntarily or because of guidance by Arab leaders, and that refugees are a usual result of war. Israel is not responsible. To accept historical responsibility for creating the refugee situation could feed the Palestinian and Arab view that the Israeli state was “born in sin” and open up Israel to demands for billions of dollars in compensation claims (one reason why the Israeli formulation, “end of conflict, end of claims”). As a sovereign state, Israel has the right to define itself as Jewish and to regulate immigration and entry. Accepting a right of Palestinian return would be an act of suicide and no state can be expected to do that.
25. Palestinian Refugees Continued To resolve the issue, the Palestinian refugees should be absorbed by the Arab states, or elsewhere, any compensation should be paid by the international community and no responsibility or culpability assigned to Israel. Some Israeli leaders express willingness to consider admitting a very limited number of refugees under the rubric of family reunification. In 1949 at the urging of the United States, the Israeli government offered to take 100,000 returnees as part of a peace deal. When overall peace efforts collapsed, this offer was withdrawn. Over the decades since, no progress was made in bridging the wide gap until after a group of Israeli historians (the “new historians” as Benny Morris termed them) in the late 1980s and ‘90s used newly-declassified Israeli documents to re-evaluate what had happened in the 1940s. They concluded that there was a basis to some of the Palestinian assertions and that the events were a mixture of both narratives. This led to a number of changes in Israel, including the willingness of leaders to risk shifting away from the traditional narrative in talks with Palestinian counterparts. Thus, by 2000 in a series of talks that led to Camp David and then to follow-on negotiations at Taba, the two sides engaged on the refugee issue as part of the search for a comprehensive deal. While some progress was made at Camp David, and President Clinton said he thought getting to agreement was more a matter of formulations rather than one of practical realities, the basic gap remained on the right of return versus Israel’s fear of any return beyond limited humanitarian reunifications. At the Taba talks, according to a person present, the Israelis put forward a suggested joint narrative on which there was much progress but no agreement. Those negotiations ended early in 2001 with the Israeli elections and Prime Minister Barak’s eventual defeat in February.
26. Palestinian Refugees Continued Having replaced Ariel Sharon in 2006, Prime Minister Olmert initiated a new peace effort, including direct talks with President Abbas. This initiative ended in 2008 when Olmert was forced from office. Palestinian attempts in those negotiations to accommodate some Israeli positions became public with the leak in January 2011 of the so-called Palestine Papers, the notes from internal and bilateral meetings with Israeli counterparts. These documents had their leaders open to accepting a very limited return of 10,000 refugees over 10 years and Abbas saying that large-scale return was illogical since that would mean the end of Israel. This leak put in sharp relief the “right” and desire versus the reality, caused uproar in Palestine and put Abbas and his negotiators on the defensive. Yet it also resulted in broader Palestinian discussion of the realities of the return issue that could help in finding a solution when serious peace negotiations began again. The maintenance of the “right” of return remains very important to Palestinian refugees, but there apparently is also recognition that its actual implementation is a different matter. This is what President Clinton was referring to. With the failure of Israeli-Palestinian peace efforts and a rightward shift in Israeli politics, there is now a reversion there to the traditional position and several efforts are underway to re-characterize the Palestinian refugee problem in a way even less amenable to agreement. Also, over recent years the Netanyahu government has insisted that the Palestinian Authority (PA) must recognize Israel as a Jewish state. Palestinians have strongly rebuffed this, seeing it as a way Israel tries to win concessions on the right of return in advance of negotiations.
27. Palestinian Refugees Continued In April, Israel’s Foreign Ministry announced a major campaign to link the issue of the Palestinian refugees with that of the Jews who left Arab and Islamic countries for Israel. The Ministry’s announcement declares that “a true solution to the issue of refugees will only be possible when the Arab League will take historic responsibility for its role in creating the Jewish and Palestinian refugee problem...There should be a joint solution between the Arab countries and the international community in order to provide compensation for both Palestinian and Jewish refugees…There should be an immediate discontinuation of the perpetuation of the Palestinian refugee issue.” Subsequently, six members of Congress introduced legislation that would “ensure recognition of the plight of the nearly one million Jewish refugees who were displaced from countries in the Middle East, North Africa and the Persian Gulf as a result of the Arab-Israeli conflict” and “would help secure equal treatment of Palestinian and Jewish refugees.” In Israel, blanket characterization as “refugees” of Jews immigrating there from Arab and Islamic countries has been controversial. Many such immigrants have declared it was the “pull” of Zionism and attraction of a Jewish homeland that motivated their immigration and not the “push” of their circumstances in their home country. This is apart from the question of property and other losses and costs. In May, a Senate amendment to the Foreign Operations bill sought to distinguish between those Palestinian refugees who were alive just after the 1948 war and were personally displaced and those born subsequently. Estimates of those still alive from 1948 range between 30 and 50 thousand, compared to the nearly five million now registered and the 1.5 million living in camps. Israeli news reports assert that this amendment was the result of an initiative by an Israeli parliamentarian.
28. Palestinian Refugees Continued The State Department strongly objected to the amendment, stating that the refugee issue “strikes a deep, emotional chord among Palestinians and their supporters, including our regional allies…and the proposed amendment would be viewed around the world as the U.S. acting to prejudge and determine the outcome of this sensitive issue.” Compromise language was inserted that would require the State Department to submit a report providing the approximate number of persons currently receiving UNRWA assistance who fled because of the conflict and those persons born subsequently. The report would also address “the extent to which the provision of such services to such persons furthers the security interests of the U.S. and of other U.S. allies in the Middle East.” There is also increasing commentary in Israel on the perceived dangers of sizable movement of Palestinian refugees into a new state of Palestine in a two-state solution. The argument is that Palestine would be unable to absorb many refugees and the resultant confusion and economic crisis could lead to a breakdown in security with a resultant threat to Israel. There has never been any realistic expectation that the Palestinian refugee issue could be resolved by any sizable return to Israel. Those working to advance a peace deal, including President Clinton as stated in his parameters after Camp David, believed it possible that Israel would acknowledge some sort of relationship to the dispossession, express regret or sympathy, participate modestly in compensation and agree to some humanitarian return. They also believed that the Palestinians would eventually accept return to Israel on a limited humanitarian basis. But it has been well understood that such an outcome would be possible only in the context of many tradeoffs among all the core and other issues in a final comprehensive deal, including the creation of their own new state of Palestine as their homeland. Mutual recognition of the other’s suffering, longings, and legitimacy would be a very important part of a final agreement. Arthur Hughes | Sep 05, 2012 The Middle East Institute
29. Palestinian children in Gaza City attend a rally in solidarity with Palestinian refugees in Yarmouk refugee camp in Syria 2014
30. Key Concept 6.2 Continued… C. The global balance of economic and political power shifted after the end of World War II and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological struggles between capitalism and communism throughout the globe. D. The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and promoted proxy wars in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. E. The dissolution of the Soviet Union effectively ended the Cold War. V. Although conflict dominated much of the twentieth century, many individuals and groups — including states — opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts. A. Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century [i.e. Vietnam protesters], and some promoted the practice of nonviolence [i.e. Gandhi] as a way to bring about political change. B. Groups and individuals opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders. [i.e. Communist leaders such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong] C. Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict. D. More movements used violence against civilians to achieve political aims. E. Global conflicts had a profound influence on popular culture.
31. Vietnam Protesters
32. The Military Industrial Complex “A vital element in keeping the peace is our military establishment. Our arms must be mighty, ready for instant action, so that no potential aggressor may be tempted to risk his own destruction. Our military organization today bears little relation to that known by any of my predecessors in peacetime, or indeed by the fighting men of World War II or Korea. Until the latest of our world conflicts, the United States had no armaments industry. American makers of plowshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well. But now… we have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions… We annually spend on military security more than the net income of all United States corporations... We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources and livelihood are all involved; so is the very structure of our society. In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together…” Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1961
33. Movement That Used Violence: Al-Qaeda “During in the 1970s, when the Russia was the biggest threat to America and radical Islam was not as a concern of the USA’s, the USA began funding and training Islamic militants to fight our Russian enemies in Afghanistan. These militants, known as the mujahideen would rebel the Russians out of Afghanistan and later become the Taliban, Al Qaeda and the Muslim Brotherhood. One of the most prominent members of he mujahideen was a wealthy son of a Saudi Arabian businessman named Osama Bin Laden… After Ronald Reagan was elected in 1981, U.S. funding of the mujahideen increased significantly and CIA Paramilitary Officers played a big role in training, arming and sometimes even leading mujahideen forces.” http://newsone.com/1205745/cia-osama-bin-laden-al-qaeda/ The US government has blamed Al-Qaeda for bomb attacks on two US embassies in Africa in 1998 and the destruction of the World Trade Center in New York in 2001, among other recent terrorist attacks.
34. Rocky and Bullwinkle: Pop Culture and the Cold War American Cold War Propaganda? Boris and Natasha
35. Key Concept 6.3 New Conceptualizations of GlobalEconomy, Society, and Culture The twentieth century witnessed a great deal of warfare and the collapse of the global economy in the 1930s. In response to these challenges, the role of state in the domestic economy fluctuated, and new institutions of global governance emerged and continued to develop throughout the century. Scientific breakthroughs, new technologies, increasing levels of integration, changing relationships between humans and the environment, and the frequency of political conflict all contributed to global developments in which people crafted new understandings of society, culture, and historical interpretations. These new understandings often manifested themselves in, and were reinforced by, new forms of cultural production. Institutions of global governance both shaped and adapted to these social conditions. I. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the twentieth century. A. In the Communist states of the Soviet Union and China, governments controlled their national economies. [i.e. Stalin’s 5 Year Plan] B. At the beginning of the century in the United States and parts of Europe, governments played a minimal role in their national economies. With the onset of the Great Depression, governments began to take a more active role in economic life. [i.e. FDR’s New Deal]
36. Key Concept 6.3 Continued… C. In newly independent states after World War II, governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development. [i.e. the privatization of the Suez Canal by President Nasser of Egypt] D. At the end of the twentieth century, many governments encouraged free market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization. [i.e. Chile under Pinochet] II. States, communities, and individuals became increasingly interdependent, a process facilitated by the growth of institutions of global governance. A. New international organizations formed to maintain world peace and to facilitate international cooperation. [i.e. the League of Nations and the UN] B. New economic institutions sought to spread the principles and practices associated with free market economics throughout the world. [i.e. the IMF and the World Bank] C. Humanitarian organizations developed to respond to humanitarian crises throughout the world. [i.e. the Red Cross] D. Regional trade agreements created regional trading blocs designed to promote the movement of capital and goods across national borders. [i.e. the EU and NAFTA] E. Multinational corporations began to challenge state authority and autonomy. [i.e. McDonalds] F. Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of environmental and economic consequences of global integration. [i.e. Greenpeace]
37. The Red Cross “The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) was founded in 1919 in Paris in the aftermath of WWI... It was Henry Davison, president of the American Red Cross War Committee, who proposed forming a federation of these National Societies. An international medical conference initiated by Davison resulted in the birth of the League of Red Cross Societies, which was renamed in October 1983 to the League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, and then in November 1991 to become the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The first objective of the IFRC was to improve the health of people in countries that had suffered greatly during the four years of war. Its goals were "to strengthen and unite, for health activities, already-existing Red Cross Societies and to promote the creation of new Societies“. There were five founding member Societies: Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the United States. This number has grown over the years and there are now 189 recognized National Societies - one in almost every country in the world.” https://www.ifrc.org/en/who-we-are/history/
38. McDonalds: Banned? “What surprises many people is the McDonald’s absence from multiple countries, which has put a dent in the fast-food giant's desire to be the world's most ubiquitous company… McDonald’s has never set foot into Cambodia, Ghana, or Yemen. The Cambodian and Ghanaian economies are gradually improving and rely on significant industries for economic progress. Cambodia’s strength mainly stems from agriculture, construction, tourism, and the textile industry, thus attracting foreign investments and trading partners. Known as the “Switzerland of Africa,” the Ghanaian economy encompasses mining, real estate, the oil industry, and the automobile industry. Since both countries are flourishing by basing their economies on concrete industries, McDonald’s would not necessarily contribute to either country’s development. Thus, any gained profit or benefit would be minimal for both countries. However, Yemen is a different case since misfortune plagues its economy. The Middle Eastern country suffers from a dilapidated economy and high unemployment rate, ruining any opportunities for business or foreign investments. Thus, McDonald’s would be more of a liability than a profitable asset. Bermuda, Bolivia, and Iceland are different from the previous three because they shut down the company. Ongoing disputes between local franchisees and McDonald’s headquarters caused the restaurant’s shutdown in Bermuda and Bolivia. In 1999, the Bermudian government instituted a ban against franchised restaurants in their country. During a protest by Bermudians, a man declared in the local press that “McDonald’s is not Bermudian and it cheapens wherever it goes.” The Bolivian government closed down McDonald’s after 14 years of operation. President Evo Morales condemned McDonald’s and all fast food restaurants in the Western Hemisphere for risking the health of millions for a profit... Instead of public dissent, Iceland closed down McDonald’s because of an economic crisis. In 2009, the Icelandic krona decreased in value which forced the McDonald’s headquarters to shut down the restaurants. Jon GardarOgmundsson owned one of Iceland’s McDonald’s and noted the risk of maintaining the fast good giant: “It makes no sense. For a kilo of onions, I’m paying the equivalent of a bottle of good whiskey,” said Ogmundsson…” By Rashaad Mubarak October 1, 2013
39. Greenpeace “The greenpeace movement grew out of the "peace" and "environmental" movements in the early '70's. Back then, it looked quite likely that the planet was going to be subjected to a nuclear war, and the Canadian "Don't Make a Wave" committee formed to protest US atmospheric nuclear testing at Amchitka in the Aleutian Islands, and later the French atmospheric testing at Mururoa in French Polynesia... Greenpeace is a global campaigning organisation that acts to change attitudes and behaviour, to protect and conserve the environment and to promote peace by: Catalysingan energy revolution to address the number one threat facing our planet: climate change. Defending our oceans by challenging wasteful and destructive fishing, and creating a global network of marine reserves. Protecting the world’s remaining ancient forests and the animal, plants and people that depend on them. Working for disarmament and peace by reducing dependence on finite resources and calling for the elimination of all nuclear weapons. Creating a toxic free future with safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals in today's products and manufacturing. Supporting sustainable agriculture by encouraging socially and ecologically responsible farming practices.. Goal: End climate change, defend nature, destroy all nuclear weapons, and to have toxic free lifestyles.” http://www.greenpeacefoundation.org/about/gpmovement.cfm
40. Greenpeace Continued…
41. Greenpeace: Another Perspective “Millions of lives could be saved and economic development could be helped along if Greenpeace ended its senseless campaigns against the insecticide DDT and biotechnology, says the Competitive Enterprise Institute's Steven J. Milloy. Although the Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT use in the United States in 1972, the ban and its tenuous rationale was never intended to be applied outside the country. •Environmental groups, including Greenpeace, nevertheless exported the ban, making control of malaria-bearing mosquitoes in poor countries essentially impossible. •Every year, the ban helps cause hundreds of millions of cases of malaria and tens of millions of resulting deaths in Africa and other parts of the developing world. •Greenpeace also campaigns against the use of agricultural biotechnology, including "Golden Rice," which could help with the severe Vitamin A deficiency that afflicts hundreds of millions in Africa and Asia and blinds 500,000 children each year. Scientists developed Golden Rice using the gene that makes daffodils yellow. The gene makes the rice rich in beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. But as pointed out by Greenpeace co-founder and former President Patrick Moore, now a vociferous critic of the activist group: "Greenpeace activists threaten to rip the biotech rice out of the fields if farmers dare to plant it. They have done everything they can to discredit the scientists and the technology." Source: Steven J. Milloy, "Rock Stars' Activism Could Be Put to Better Use," Competitive Enterprise Institute, June 24, 2005.
42. Key Concept 6.3 Continued… III. People conceptualized society and culture in new ways; some challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion, often using new technologies to spread reconfigured traditions. A. The notion of human rights gained traction throughout the world. [i.e. the UN Declaration of Human Rights] B. Increased interactions among diverse peoples sometimes led to the formation of new cultural identities[i.e. Negritude] and exclusionary reactions [i.e. apartheid]. C. Believers developed new forms of spirituality and chose to emphasize particular aspects of practice within existing faiths and apply them to political issues. [i.e. Falun Gong] IV. Popular and consumer culture became global. A. Sports were more widely practiced and reflected national and social aspirations. [i.e. the Olympics] B. Changes in communication and transportation technology enabled the widespread diffusion of music and film. [i.e. Bollywood]
43. Falun Gong/Dafa “Falun Dafa (also called Falun Gong) is an advanced practice of Buddha school self-cultivation, founded by Mr. Li Hongzhi, the practice’s master. It is a discipline in which “assimilation to the highest qualities of the universe—Zhen, Shan, Ren (Truthfulness, Compassion, Forbearance)—is the foundation of practice. Falun Dafa “brings a person to a state of wisdom and harmonious existence. The movements of the practice are concise, as a great way is extremely simple and easy.” Falun Dafa is unique in eight ways: 1. A Falun is cultivated, rather than an energy elixir. 2. The Falun refines the person even when he or she is not doing the practice’s exercises. 3. One’s primary consciousness is cultivated, such that it is the person him or herself who obtains Gong energy. 4. Both mind and body are cultivated. 5. The practice consists of five exercises, which are simple and easy to learn. 6. The mind is not used to direct anything, there are no associated risks, and Gong energy increases quickly. 7. Location, time, and direction are not of concern when exercising, nor is how one concludes one’s exercise session. 8. Protection is provided by the master's Fashen, so one needn’t fear harm from malevolent entities.” http://en.falundafa.org/introduction.html
44. Falun Gong: Another Perspective “The Falun Gong cult was founded in 1992 and was banned in accordance with the law in July, 1999. During the long interval of seven years, the Chinese government did not forbid any Falun Gong activities. However, Li Hongzhiabused freedom by organizing the cult and did a lot of bad things. During these years, Li never ran any companies or enterprises, or did any businesses. But he amassed millions of dollars… How did he get that money and how much did he pay out of it for tax? All these are violations of the laws... Once you voice any disagreement with Falun Gong, Li Hongzhi will ask his disciples to besiege and harass you so that you will not live peacefully, that you can not work, that you can not study and that you can not lead a normal life. From June 1998 to June 1999, the " Falun Gong" organized seventy-eight such illegal gatherings with more than three hundred followers participating each time. They allowed the Falun Gong to have the freedom to do whatever they wanted to do. But they didn't allow the others to have the freedom to disagree with Falun Gong. It is clear who on earth has infringed the freedom of the others…” Zhang Hongxi, Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China, at the Symposium on Exposing the Evil Nature of the Falun Gong Cult, organized by the New York Chinese communities.
45. Li Hongzhi, Founder of Falun Gong. Now lives in NYC
46. The Olympics “On April 6, 1896, the first modern Olympic Games are held in Athens, Greece, with athletes from 14 countries participating. The International Olympic Committee met for the first time in Paris in June 1984 and chose Greece as the site of the inaugural modern Olympiad. The ancient games are believed to have originated in 776 B.C. in Olympia, Greece, where athletes competed in one event: a foot race. Over the years, other events were added, including chariot racing, boxing, wrestling and the pentathlon. Participants, who were all young men from Greek city-states and colonies, often battled it out in the buff, as a way to celebrate the human body, and winners received olive branches. The last ancient Olympics are thought to have taken place in A.D. 393…” www.history.com Olympics, 2014 Olympics, 1896
47. Bollywood “Bollywood is the name given to India’s film making industry much as Americans associate Hollywood with film production. What most people don’t realize, however, is that Bollywood has a long and rich history that goes almost as far back as that of Hollywood. The first films every produced in India’s Bollywood were soundless short films. The Lumiere Brothers created them in 1896 at the Watson Hotel… The first talkie was released for viewing in India in March of 1931 and was named, “AlamAra”. The films produced in the 1930s in Bollywood were used to raise awareness to what filmmakers saw as the social ills of the day. World War II and Indian independence from Britain did nothing to slow down India’s film industry… Post independence Indian cinema gained a wide recognition. The creation of the Film and Television Institute of India, FTII, a national cinema awards show, and India’s first International Film Festival rocketed Bollywood to the world stage. Indian filmmakers widely expanded movie genres from the 1960s through the 1990s to include action films, thrillers, musicals, and love stories.” http://www.world-film-awards.com/history-of-bollywood.html
48. Bollywood
49. Focus Questions Describe at least 2 scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century. Why were they breakthroughs? How have diseases spread due to changing lifestyles? What are the Israeli and Palestinian perspectives of the Palestinian refugee situation today? Is it possible to find a solution? What is the purpose of the Red Cross and Greenpeace? What are some criticisms of Greenpeace? What is Falun Gong/Dafa? Why does the Chinese government consider it to be a cult?