Separation of Powers

1. Separation of Powers • The Legislative Branch • Congress, makes our laws • The Executive Branch • The President, enforces our laws • The Judicial Branch • The Supreme Court and Federal Courts, interpret our laws The United States government is divided into three branches, each with different powers. Each branch is given some powers which enables it to “check” or limit the power of the other two branches.

2. Executive Branch The nation’s Chief Executive is the President of the United States. Article 2 of the Constitution outlines the Powers and duties of the President. The President’s Cabinet is a group of people who head 14 executive departments. They serve as advisors to the President and help him carry out his duties. Learn about some Famous Past Presidents. The White House, Home of the President and his family George Washington

3. Chief Executive • President of The United States • Donald Trump • Vice President of the United States • Mike Pence Four Year Term of Office Qualifications: 35 Years Old Natural born Citizen 14 year resident of the US Executive Branch

4. Presidential Powers and Duties • Primary Powers • Chief Executive- decides how laws are enforced, • Chief of State - oversees running of the federal government • Chief Diplomat - Directs relations between the US and other nations • Makes treaties • Appoints ambassadors • Commander in Chief Continued on next page

5. Presidential Powers and Dutiespage 2 • Additional Powers • Approves or vetoes(rejects) laws passed by Congress • Appoints Supreme Court Justices and all Federal Judges • Chooses cabinet members and officials to help run the government • Reports annually to Congress on the State of the Union

6. The President’s CabinetHeads of 14 Executive DepartmentsAppointed by the President to help him carry out his duties • Attorney General • Enforces laws • Heads Department of Justice • Secretary of State • Foreign affairs • Secretary of Defense • National defense James Mattis Rex Tillerson • Secretary of Treasury • National finances Jeff Sessions Steve Munchin Continued on next page

7. Secretary of Agriculture Farming issues and policies Secretary of Transportation Coast Guard, air traffic and highways Secretary of Labor Working conditions for the nation’s workforce Secretary of Education Education policies and student assistance Secretary of Commerce Business and trading The President’s Cabinetpage 2 Continued on next page.

8. The President’s Cabinetpage 3 • Secretary of Health and Human Services • Medical and social programs • Secretary of Housing and Urban Development • Urban planning and housing regulation • Secretary of Energy • Energy resource use and conservation • Secretary of Veteran’s Affairs • Issues related veterans and veteran benefits • Secretary of the Interior • National parks and natural resources

9. Checks on Presidential Power • All treaties and Presidential appointments require approval by a 2/3 vote in the Senate • Budget - is allocated by Congress • Supreme Court can declare laws and actions unconstitutional • Veto of bill passed by Congress can be overridden by a 2/3 vote of both houses of Congress Continued on next page.

10. Checks on Presidential Power: Impeachment • Can be Impeached : charged…with misconduct in office • treason, bribery or high crimes and misdemeanors are impeachable offenses • The House of Representatives has the power to impeach the President. • An impeached President is tried by the Senate, with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court sitting as judge, to decide if he shall be removed from office. • Impeach means brought to trial, it does not mean removed from office

11. Legislative Branch • Congress, the lawmakers • Senate • House of Representatives • Primary Powers of Congress • Additional Powers of Congress • Checks on Congressional Power The Capitol, meeting place of Congress

12. Legislative Branch • Senate • Led by the Vice President of the United States • 100 Members , 6 year term • 2 Senators elected from each state • Majority Leader: Mitch McConnell • Leading and most important Senator • Approves treaties with foreign nations • Approves all Presidential appointments • Tries impeached officials Majority Leader Mitch McConnell Qualifications: • 30 years old •citizen for 9 years

13. Legislative Branch • House of Representatives • Speaker of the House: Paul Ryan • elected by majority party to lead the House • 435 members, 2 year terms • state representation based on population • adjusted according to Census, taken every ten years • Originates all tax laws • Votes to impeach all federal officials Paul Ryan Qualifications: • 25 years old •citizen for 7 years

14. Powers of Congress • Primary Power: Making Laws • Laws passed by Congress apply to all people living in the United States • Both Houses of Congress must agree on all laws. • The President must approve all bills passed by Congress before they become laws.

15. Declare War Establish Post Office Create Courts Coin and Print Money Establish Citizenship guidelines Regulate Foreign Trade Control Interstate Trade Additional Powers of Congress • Elastic, or “necessary and proper clause” • Congress has the power to do anything necessary and proper to carrying out its duties. Congress has been able to expand its power to deal with issues unforseen in 1789.

16. Checks on Congressional Power • Presidential Veto Power • Presidential power of Line Item Veto • power to veto items in spending bills that do not support national interests (declared unconstitutional in 1998). • Supreme Court power of Judicial Review • the power to interpret laws and declare them unconstitutional Since Congress is such a large group, it is less likely to abuse its powers than the the other two branches and requires fewer “checks.”

17. The Judicial Branch The Judicial Branch of the United States Government is composed of one Supreme Court and lower federal Courts. The Supreme Court interprets laws using a power called Judicial Review. The Jurisdiction of the Judicial Branch includes original cases and appeals. Both the President and Congress have powers to “check” the Judicial Branch.

18. The Judicial BranchSupreme Court Justices The Supreme Court is made up of one Chief Justice and 8 associate justices Chief JusticeJohn Roberts Continued on next page.

19. The Judicial BranchJustices and Judges • Qualifications: • Candidates are chosen by the President are subject to approval by the Senate. • Experience, legal views and political views are considered during the approval process • Once appointed, federal judges hold their position during good behavior, for life.

20. The Judicial BranchJudicial Review • Primary Function: • to interpret the Constitution and the meaning of laws of the United States • Judicial Review • The power of the Supreme Court to interpret the meaning and Constitutionality of laws passed by Congress Once a law has been declared unconstitutional by the Court, it can be made legal by an amendment to the Constitution or by a new Supreme Court decision.

21. The Judicial BranchJurisdiction • Original Jurisdiction: • Cases heard first by the Supreme Court • cases involving ambassadors, states and foreign nations • Appellate Jurisdiction • appeals from state courts, federal circuit courts of appeals, and courts of Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia

22. Checks onThe Judicial Branch • Justices are appointed by the President and approved by a 2/3 vote in the Senate. • Congress determines the number of judges on the Supreme Court and created new lower courts as needed. • Judges can be impeached by the House of Representatives. • The President can pardon people convicted in Federal Court. Judicial Branch

23. Checks and Balances Congress must approve Presidential appointments and treaties Laws passed by Congress can be declared unconstitutional by the Court Congress Makes laws The Senate must approve the President’s choices for judges The President can veto bills passed by Congress Congress can impeach Judges Congress can impeach the President Justices are appointed by the President Presidential actions can be declared unconstitutional The President Approves and enforces laws The Supreme Court Interprets and judges laws

24. Famous Past Presidents • George Washington • Thomas Jefferson • Andrew Jackson • Abraham Lincoln • Theodore Roosevelt • Franklin Roosevelt • John F. Kennedy • Richard Nixon

25. George Washington • Revolutionary War General • Elected in 1789 • First President • Inaugurated in New York • Set example for future Presidents • Whiskey Rebellion • No ties to political party

26. Elected in 1860, 64 Events Secession of Southern States Formation of the Confederacy Civil War 1861-65 Assassination April 14, 1865 John Wilkes Booth Abraham Lincoln

27. Elected in 1968, 1972 Vice President 1952-60 Events Détente with USSR Diplomatic relations with China Ended Vietnam War Apollo 11 Moon landing Economic Inflation Watergate Resignation Richard Nixon

28. Elected 1932, 36, 40, 44 Events The Great Depression New Deal Program Fireside Chats Support of England fighting Hitler Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor World War II Died in Office Franklin Delano Roosevelt

29. John F. Kennedy • Elected in 1960 • Promised a “New Frontier” • Inaugural Address • Events: • Cuban missile Crisis • Civil Rights Crisis in • Little Rock, Arkansas • Created the Peace Corps • Encouraged the Space Program • Assassinated Nov. 22, 1963 • in Dallas, Texas Click to hear President Kennedy Speak Presidents Page

30. Thomas Jefferson • Author of the Declaration of Independence • Elected in 1800 and 1804 • Peaceful transition of power from the Federalist • to the Republican Party • Louisiana Purchase • Doubled the Size of the US • Explored by Lewis and Clark • Added vast new farmlands and natural resources • Foreign Affairs dominated by Napoleonic Wars

31. Andrew Jackson • Hero of the Battle of New Orleans – War of 1812 • Elected in 1824 and 1828 • Democratic Party • Opponents formed the Whig Party • First President from a western state • Tennessee • Introduced the Spoils System • Champion of the ”Common Man” • Events of his Presidency • Removal of the Indians – Trail of Tears • Battle over Tariff and States Rights • South Carolina threatened Secession • Destruction of the Bank of the United States

32. Theodore Roosevelt • Governor of New York • Assumed Presidency on the death of McKinley in 1900 • Elected in 1904 • Trustbuster – suits against monopolies • Conservation • Protected forests and water sites from • public sale • “Policeman” of the Caribbean • corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • “Speak softly and carry a big stick” • Winner of Nobel Peace Prize • Negotiated end to the Russo Japanese War