Short Answer Test Near East, Egyptian, Ancient Greece, and Roman Art

1. Short Answer Test Near East, Egyptian, Ancient Greece, and Roman Art Each question is worth XX points.

2. What is the dog-headed man (Anubis) doing? Why does the same person appear twice (3’xs)? What is the scary dog/crocodile (Ammit) waiting for so eagerly? What are both Horus and Anubis holding in their hands? Judgment before Osiris from a Book of the Dead Dynasty 19, c. 1285 BCE Can you explain to us what is happening? Where is Hunefer? How many times do you see him? Who is Anubis? Does he appear more than once? Toth? Ammit? Horus? Osiris? Nephthys and Isis??Who are the four little persons perched on the top of the lotus blossom? Is this a “Last Judgment” image?

3. The Ziggurat of Ur c. 2100-2050 BCE in Modern Iraq What is a ziggurat? What is the symbolic function of a ziggurat? What is the political purpose of a ziggurat?

4. 4. Classical Period framed by the defeat of the Persians (479 BCE) and the death of Alexander the Great (323 BCE) Early Classical 480-450 BCE destruction of the Persian fleet in the Straits of Salamis, 479 BCE 5th Century Classical 450-400 BCE • Pericles rebuilds the Acropolis; he dies in 429 BCE • Sparta dominated the Peloponnese and much of the rest of mainland Greece; • Athens dominated the Aegean and became a wealthy and influential center of a maritime empire • The series of conflicts between Sparta and Athens became known as the Peloponnesian Wars (641-445 BCE) 4th Century Classical 400-330 BCE Alexander the Great died in 323 BCE at the age of 32 Can you come up with a work of art for each of these three “sub”-periods?

5. 5. Hellenistic Period 320-21 BCE Cleopatra died in 30 BCE List three Hellenistic works. What distinguishes a work of art from this period?

6. How does entasis support Pericles’ political goals for the Athenian city-state? Kallikrates and Iktinos Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens 447-428 BCE 5th Century Classical

7. Who did this temple honor? Temple of Athena Nike Athens, c. 425 BCE

8. What are the primary differences between the Doric and Ionic orders? The Ionic order has a frieze and a base as well as a different capital. The proportions of the Ionic order are more elongated.

9. Frieze from the Parthenon (interior Ionic frieze), c. 438-32 B.C.E. What does this idealized body signal to the viewer?Notice the contrast between the rider and the horse: what do you notice? What idea is being communicated?

10. Where would this sculpture be situated? How can you as the viewer tell? Dying Warriorpediment sculptureTemple of Aphaia, Aegina c. 480 BCEmarble, 6 feet Archaic Period

11. Centaur and Lapith Parthenon, metope reliefc. 440’s BCE Where would this relief be found? How does the content of this relief support Pericles’ political goals for the Athenian city-state?

12. What is the purpose of this sculpture? What marks this work of art as Archaic? What two distinct “things” do you notice as an art historian? Anavysos Kouros c. 525 BCE Archaic Period

13. What this sculpture so significant? Kritian Boy480 BCE Early Classical

14. What this sculpture so significant? PolykleitosSpear Bearer (Doryphoros)c. 450-440 BCE a marble copyheight: 6’6” 5th Century Classical

15. What are two specific “things” that make this sculpture so different from Polykleitos’ Doryphoros? Praxiteles Hermes and the Infant Dionysos

16. What is this sculpture definitely Hellenistic? Dying Gallic TrumpeterRoman Copy after the original bronze of c. 220 BCE Hellenistic Period

17. Aphrodite of Melosor Venus de Milo c. 150 BCE Hellenistic Period twisting stance and strong projection of the knee are typical of Hellenistic art drapery has a rich, three dimensional quality associated with Hellenistic sculpture What is this sculpture definitely Hellenistic?

18. Why do you like this sculpture so much? Nike (Victory) of Samothrace from the sanctuary of the Great Gods, Samothrace c. 190 BCE This work was probably created to commemorate an important naval victory –perhaps the Rhodian triumph over the Seleucid king Antiochus III in 190 BCE; was originally positioned on the prow of a ship.

19. Why do you like this sculpture so much? Nike (Victory) of Samothrace c. 190 BCE

20. What was the purpose of this vase? Funerary vasec. 750 BCE Geometric Period

21. What was the purpose of each vase? Panathenaic amphoraca. 530 BCE ArchaicTerracotta Panathenaic amphoraca. 525-500 BCE ArchaicTerracotta

22. Hatshepsut as Sphinx, Dynasty 18, c. 1473-1458 BCE How does Hatshepsut authorize her power (through this visual representation of herself)? Hatshepsut has herself depicted as a …… The ______ is a visual signifier of…….

23. Who built the Colosseum? Why is the actual location-the site chosen—significant? The Colosseum

24. What is the purpose of this space? peristyle garden, House of the Vetti, Pompeii Mid-1st century CE

25. What is the purpose of this painting? House of Publius Fannius--reconstructed

26. What is the purpose of this painting? House of Publius Fannius--reconstructed

27. What is the basilica such an INCREDIBLY significant structure? Basilica of Maxentius and ConstantineFinished 312 C.E. The Basilica Maxentius was the largest building in the Roman Forum. Construction began under Emperor Maxentius in 308 CE and was completed by Constantine after Maxentius’ defeat in 312 CE.

28. What is the purpose of this column? Column of Trajan Rome113-16 or after 117 CE Overall height with base 125’Column alone 97’ 8” The column is a continuous pictorial narrative of the Dacian campaign. 2,500 individual figures are carved into the column. In 1587 CE, the gilded bronze statue of Trajan was replaced with a statue of Saint Peter, as ordered by Pope Sixtus V. The natural and architectural elements in the scene are kept small to emphasize the important figures—later we will refer to this as medieval scale. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFt3tHNevJg

29. What is the purpose of this arch? Arch of TitusRomec.82 C.E.

30. What is the purpose of the Pantheon? PantheonRome 125-128 CE

31. What is the purpose of the occulus? Of the coffers? the oculus

32. The Romans as Engineers How does technological change transform architectural structures? How do technological advances allow the Roman Empire to expand? How does concrete allow the Roman Empire to replicate its values throughout a far-flung empire?

33. The Romans built upon the engineering developments of the Greeks and Etruscans(central Italy, 750-200 BCE). Etruscans The Etruscans gave the Romans: • the arch • the vault • advances in land-drainage, irrigation, and sewer design • the atrium house • the rectangular temple plan Greeks The Greeks gave the Romans: • the gridiron town plan • the peristyle form (columns all around) But the Romans invented concrete.

34. Why do the keystone and voussoir matter? Why are these two terms so significant? Why is wood necessary? What are the limitations?

35. How can an arch collapse? There are two main ways, if the piers are not very secure they can get pushed outwards until the arch can't span the gap, or loading can cause parts of the arch to rotate and become unstable.

36. Why is concrete so awesome? • Concrete was extremely portable (unlike stone blocks)—concrete has a relatively light weight and is made of raw materials that are commonly found • Building with concrete did not require highly-skilled masons like stone construction (blocks cut from quarries and recut to shape) • The materials required were relatively inexpensive, compared to the cost of the arduous process of quarrying marble and other metamorphic rocks

37. Concrete allowed the Romans to cover spaces of a size unequaled until the advent of cast iron in the 19th century. Concrete was especially invaluable for vaulting: the stone semi-circular barrel vault and cross-vault which the Romans developed were heavy, cumbersome and difficult to build; concrete, poured into shape, suited the curves and awkward junctions which arise in vaulting. Roman concrete vaults at the Baths of Caracalla, Rome

38. When two barrel-vaulted spaces intersect each other at the same level, the result is a groin vault or cross vault. If the vault is “pointed” and has a “rib” on the top, then the it is referred to as a rib vault.

39. Concrete revolutionized construction methods in that it allowed the constructor to create rather than extract. Craftsmen were able to create forms by molding the concrete, rather than excavate the form by carving away the excess stone. Structures made of concrete and brick could be faced with veneers of marble rather than built entirely from solid marble or another type of stone, like granite. Roman Architecture could be spread across its vast empire because of concrete’s portability

40. Concrete in Everyday Life • Concrete was used to create aqueducts and roads(5,300 miles of roads) that spanned across the Roman Empire. • Roman techniques are still implemented today when constructing roads and aqueducts.

41. Concrete is awesome. Concrete made it possible for the Romans to build roads and aqueducts—which are also incredibly awesome. Why are roads and aqueducts so amazing?

42. Roads and Aqueducts Since the Romans had such a massive empire, a vast and sophisticated network of roads, bridges, and aqueducts were built. Roads helped to efficiently move the armies, promote commerce, and increase the speed of transport and communications. Aqueducts helped to deliver and channel water from a distant, safe and plentiful water source to urban centers. Roman roads and aqueducts were highly durable and practical because of the use of concrete construction.

44. Pont du Gard Late 1st Century Nimes, France Aqueducts made urban life possible!!!!!! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBiOoolZvmk

45. What does this image communicate to the viewer? Allegory of Peace, relief on the east side of the Ara Pacis

46. Plan of a Typical Roman House What does this house plan communicate to the viewer about what the Romans thought was most important? Romans were interested in constructing privacy. City life was boisterous, loud, and dangerous. So, the only way for the Romans to construct privacy and enjoy their gardens was to build walls. The walls created a sense of peace, where they could sit in their peristyle garden and enjoy nature without being disturbed by city life.