The Byzantine Empire The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe

1. The Byzantine EmpireThe Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe Chapter Nine

2. The Byzantine Empire • Emperor Constantine • 4th century C.E., founded Constantinople – disassembled Roman buildings & recreated them in new capital • Roman Empire divided • Capitals at Rome & Constantinople • Constantinople – use of Greek language from 6th century on

3. -Attempted to reconquer Italy-Slavs, Persians attack from east-Building projects - Hagia Sophia-Legal codification-Constant external threats Arab Muslims BulgarsResult: Center of empire shifts to east Justinian's Achievements: The Byzantine Empire under Justinian

4. Byzantine Society and Politics • Emperors resemble Chinese rulers • Court ritual • Head of church and state • Sophisticated bureaucracy • Open to all classes • Provincial governors • Economic control • Regulation of food prices, trade • Silk production • Trade network - Asia, Russia, Scandinavia, Europe, Africa • Arts • Creativity in architecture Mosaic of Justinian

5. Hagia Sophia

7. The Fourth Crusade and the Fall of Constantinople“They were not able to believe that there could be so rich a town in the whole world, those high walls and mighty towers, those luxurious palaces and lofty churches.” Geoffrey de VillehardoinConstantinople was the greatest city of Christendom in the Middle Ages.  

8. The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity • Patriarch Michael (Head of Church & State in Byzantine Empire) • 1054 - attacked Catholic Pope Leo IX over church differences, especially the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist. • Patriarch's letter addressed Pope Leo as "brother" rather than "father." • Pope excommunicated Patriarch Michael on July 16, 1054, but notice took 3 months to arrive & Pope Leo had died - invalidated • Michael issued excommunication of Pope in response • EFFECT: later Popes ally with the Normans (French) against the Empire • The Empire's Decline – beginning in 11th century • Seljuk Turks - Take most of Asian provinces • 1071 - Manzikert - Byzantine defeat • Slavic states emerge – Christianity expands • Appeal to West brings crusaders • 1204 - Venetian crusaders sack Constantinople • 1453 - Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks • By 1461 – Byzantine empire is gone

9. Eastern Europe and the migration of the Slavic Peoples - 7th century • When the Slavs arrived is uncertain • They mixed with peoples like the Huns, the Bulgars, and the Magyars; & created 3 distinct Slavic groups • 1) Western Slavs: • Kingdoms of Poland & Bohemia; • converted to Catholicism by German missionaries in the 9-10th centuries • 2) Southern Slavs in the Balkans • Serbs converted to Orthodox Christianity and hence linked to Byzantine cultural tradition • Slovenes and Croats became Roman Catholic and were more European oriented • 3) Eastern Slavs and the Origins of Kievan Rus – 6th century:  • contact with the Vikings who traded along Russian rivers from the Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas and built cities like Novgorad • Orthodox Christianity

10. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe • Influence through conquest, conversion, trade • Competition from Catholics and Orthodox Greeks • Czechs, Hungary, Poland establish regional monarchies • Jews flee from western Europe • The Emergence of Kievan Rus' • Slavic from Asia • Iron working, extend agriculture • Mix with earlier populations • Family tribes, villages, Kingdoms • Animistic religion(s) • Vladimir I (980-1015) • Converts to Orthodoxy – WHY? • Controls church Orthodox cathedral in Russia

11. East European Kingdoms and Slavic Expansion, c. 1000

12. What is the name of “boyars” in Western Europe? Influenced by Byzantine patterns Orthodox influence Ornate churches Icons Monasticism Art, literature dominated by the church & royal families Free farmers predominant Boyars, landlords – own serfs Less powerful than in the West Institutions and Culture in Kievan Rus'

13. Kievan Decline – beginning 12 th century • Rival governments • Succession struggles • Asian conquerors • Mongols (Tartars) • Starting in13th century • conquer territory, but did not rule directly • Traditional culture survives • The End of an Era in Eastern Europe • Mongol invasions usher in new period • East and West further separated What was one of the things that the Mongols brought to Europe?