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Evolution

Evolution . Natural and Artificial Selection. Vocabulary (in Sections 10.1, 10.2, 10.3). Evolution Natural Selection Artificial Selection Species Genetic Variation Adaptation Fitness Population . Evolution. Evolution is simply change over time.

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Evolution

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  1. Evolution Natural and Artificial Selection

  2. Vocabulary (in Sections 10.1, 10.2, 10.3) • Evolution • Natural Selection • Artificial Selection • Species • Genetic Variation • Adaptation • Fitness • Population

  3. Evolution • Evolution is simply change over time. • The change usually creates more complexity but not necessarily. • In biology, evolution is associated with the change in genetic composition of a population over successive generations. • For biological evolution to take place, there has to be a form of genetic inheritance. In today’s world, inheritance is through DNA, though there are other molecules (RNA for example) capable of doing DNA’s job.

  4. Variation • In order for biological evolution to take place, there has to be genetic variation. • Genetic variation is defined as the differences in genomes (the genes) found among members of a species. • The variation in genes within a population is a of genetic mutation. • Without genetic mutation, eventually, due to genetic drift, there would be no variation.

  5. Natural Selection • Natural selection is the creative force that makes biological evolution possible. • Natural selection is defined asthe process by which heritable traits that increase an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction are favored than less beneficial ones. • The traits are encoded in genes and natural selection “selects” which genes are most adaptive in a given environment (defined by habitat and ecological niche).

  6. Natural Selection • Those individuals whose genes are more well adapted to an environment are more fit and more likely to pass on their genes. • Over time, through the process of genetic mutation and natural selection, species evolve (called speciation)– giving rise to new species. • Eventually, the original species might go extinct at the hands of the “new,” potentially better adapted (more fit), species they have spawned.

  7. Darwin’s Finches

  8. Interesting Website on Evolution • http://myweb.rollins.edu/jsiry/TheOrigin1859_2_12.html#1

  9. Darwin’s Bibliography by Date • 1829–1832. [Records of captured insects, in] Stephens, J. F., Illustrations of British entomology [1] • 1835: Extracts from letters to Professor Henslow (read at a meeting of the Cambridge Philosophical Society on 16 November 1835, with comments by John Stevens Henslow and Adam Sedgwick, and printed for private distribution dated 1 December 1835.[2] Selected remarks had been read by Sedgwick to the Geological Society of London on 18 November 1835, and these were summarised in Proceedings of the Geological Society published in 1836.[3] Further extracts were published in the Entomological Magazine and, with a review, in the Magazine of natural history.[2]) • 1836: A LETTER, Containing Remarks on the Moral State of TAHITI, NEW ZEALAND, &c. – BY CAPT. R. FITZROY AND C. DARWIN, ESQ. OF H.M.S. 'Beagle.'[4] • 1838-43: Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle: published between 1839 and 1843 in five Parts (and nineteen numbers) by various authors, edited and superintended by Charles Darwin, who contributed sections to two of the Parts: • 1838: Part 1 No. 1 Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen (Preface and Geological introduction by Darwin)

  10. Darwin’s Bibliography by Date • 1838: Part 2 No. 1 Mammalia, by George R. Waterhouse (Geographical introduction and A notice of their habits and ranges by Darwin) • 1839: Journal and Remarks (The Voyage of the Beagle) • 1842: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs • 1844: Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle • 1846: Geological Observations on South America • 1849: Geology from A Manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's Navy: and adapted for travellers in general., John F.W. Herschel ed. • 1851: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Lepadidae; or, PedunculatedCirripedes. • 1851: A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae, or, PedunculatedCirripedes of Great Britain • 1854: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc. • 1854: A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain • 1858: On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection (Extract from an unpublished Work on Species)

  11. Darwin’s Bibliography by Date • 1859: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life • 1862: On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects • 1865: The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants (Linnean Society paper, published in book form in 1875) • 1868: The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication • 1871: The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex • 1872: The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals • 1875: Insectivorous Plants • 1876: The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom • 1877: The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species • 1879: "Preface and 'a preliminary notice'" in Ernst Krause's Erasmus Darwin • 1880: The Power of Movement in Plants • 1881: The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms

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