The Church in America

1. The Church in America The Colonial Era through the early Republic

2. Colonial America

3. Many of the American colonies were founded for religious reasons • The New England colonies were founded by Puritans seeking to establish a new “City of God” on earth • Maryland was founded by Catholics fleeing persecution in England • Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers seeking religious liberty that they were denied in Europe

4. The Thirteen Colonies

5. George Calvert, the First Lord Baltimore, received permission from Charles II in 1632 to establish a proprietary colony in the New World Calvert was a convert to Catholicism Maryland

6. George Calvert died before the colony was founded • His son, Cecil, founded the colony • It was to be a haven for persecuted Catholics from England and Ireland

7. Replica of The Dove – the ship that brought the first settlers to Maryland

8. 60 Catholic members of the English or Irish gentry who would become plantation owners • Three Jesuit priests • About 100 “freeholders” – settlers who held smaller tracts of land (usually farmers) • Indentured servants • African slaves From the very beginning, the Protestant settlers outnumbered the Catholic settlers! First Settlers

9. Allows religious freedom for all Christians, Protestant or Catholic, who live in the colony The Act of Toleration

10. William III & Mary • 1688 in England • Replaces the Catholic King James II with his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange • Anti-Catholic Penal Laws are enforced throughout England and her colonies The Glorious Revolution

11. In Maryland, the Calverts lost control of the colony • Catholics can no longer vote or hold public office • Catholics cannot practice law or become teachers • No Catholic churches can be built (but private chapels are okay) • No Catholic educational institutions • Priests may not seek converts; ends missions to the Indians • Restrictions on Catholic immigration to the colony The Glorious Revolution

12. Catholicism remains illegal in the colony until 1776 The Glorious Revolution

13. Founded in 1681 by William Penn as a have for persecuted Quakers Pennsylvania

14. Allowed freedom of religion to anyone, although only Christians could hold government positions • Pennsylvania quickly became attractive to Catholics, Mennonites, the Amish and other religious groups that were being persecuted in Europe Penn’s Frame of Government

15. After the Glorious Revolution, practice of the Catholic faith became illegal in Pennsylvania . . . but The people who lived in Pennsylvania were tolerate of religious diversity and refused to enforce the law

16. The first Catholic Church to be built in the 13 Colonies was built in Philadelphia in 1735 St. Joseph’s Church

17. None of the rest of the 13 Colonies allowed Catholics to practice their faith

18. The American Revolution 1774 – 1789

19. The Carrolls of Maryland were among the wealthiest and most influential families in the colonies • They were Catholic • In the late 1700s, the important members of the family were Charles Carroll and his cousins Daniel and John The Carrolls

20. The Carroll Plantation

21. Member of the Continental Congress • Signer of the Declaration of Independence (only Catholic) • U.S. Senator from Maryland • Financially supported the Revolution Charles Carroll of Carrolton

22. Member of the Maryland State Legislature • Congressman • Helped write and signed both the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution • Donated land for the site of Washington, D.C. Daniel Carroll

23. Jesuit priest • Oversaw and organized priests in Maryland • Sent on a mission with Benjamin Franklin to Canada to get Canadian support for the Revolution Fr. John Carroll

24. Commodore John Barry “The F ather of the American Navy” Count Kasimir Pulaski Marquis de Lafayette Thaddeus Kosciusko Other prominent Catholics in the Revolution

25. Catholic participation in the American Revolution contributed greatly towards alleviating anti-Catholic attitudes that had been so prevalent during the Colonial Era.

26. The Republican Era c. 1783 - 1820

27. After the Revolution, Catholics were only 1% of the American population: • About 16,000 in Maryland • About 7,000 in Pennsylvania • About 1,500 in New York • Maybe 200 in Virginia Therewere also Catholics living in the French areas of the Midwest and the Mississippi River Valley Statistics

28. Lack of organization • U.S. was mission territory and did not have its own bishop • The Suppression of the Jesuits in 1773 • All the priests in the U.S. were Jesuits • Anti-Catholicism • Still a problem, especially in New England • Catholics could not vote or hold public office in some states! • Increasing Catholic immigration and a lack of priests (there were only 21 in 1784) Problems

29. John Carroll was elected by the American clergy and his election was confirmed by the Pope • Baltimore was the first diocese, established in 1789 • It included all U.S. States and territories! America gets a Bishop

30. In 1806, Bishop Carroll laid the cornerstone for Baltimore’s first Cathedral: Our Lady of the Assumption

31. Cathedral of Our Lady of Assumption today

32. Carroll’s Accomplishments

33. A school for boys near Emmitsburg, Maryland • Staffed by Christian Brothers from France • The first Catholic seminary in the U.S. Mount St. Mary’s

34. The first Catholic University in the United States • Staffed by the Jesuits after their order was re-established in the early 1800s Georgetown University

35. Founded by Bishop Carroll and Elizabeth Seton, a Catholic convert from New York • First religious order for women in the U.S. • The Sisters established the first Catholic elementary schools in Maryland and Pennsylvania Sisters of Charity

36. Regular meetings of all the priests in the U.S. to discuss matters of importance • As the Church grew and more dioceses were established, the Synod became a Council – where all the bishops of the U.S. met regularly • Today this has become the National Council of Catholic Bishops (NCCB) which meets twice a year Synod of Baltimore

37. Carroll went on “begging trips” to European seminaries and religious houses • Many young European priests, especially from France, came to the U.S. where they would later become bishops and greatly influence the growth of the American Church • Religious Orders such as the Dominicans, Sulpicians, Christian Brothers, Carmelites and others established houses in the U.S. Inviting European priests and religious orders to come to the U.S.

38. The Church Grows!

39. In 1808, four new dioceses were established: • Boston • New York • Philadelphia • Bardstown • Baltimore became an archdiocese New Dioceses

40. Catholics began to move west in large numbers, especially into Kentucky • The new diocese of Bardstown was established and attracted the first Benedictine (Trappist) monastery of Gethsemane Moving West

41. The first Mass was celebrated near Somerset, Ohio in 1808 by Fr. Edward Fenwick • In 1821, Fr. Fenwick would be named the first bishop of the Dioceses of Cincinnati • At the time, the diocese consisted of the entire state of Ohio as well as parts of Indiana, Illinois and Michigan! Ohio