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THE RADICALIZATION OF HITLER’S FOREIGN AND RACIAL POLICY

THE RADICALIZATION OF HITLER’S FOREIGN AND RACIAL POLICY. March 1936: Remilitarization of the Rhineland (followed by intervention in Spain and the Rome-Berlin Axis) 1937/38: Purge of conservatives from office who urged lower spending on arms or opposed war March 1938: Anschluss with Austria

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THE RADICALIZATION OF HITLER’S FOREIGN AND RACIAL POLICY

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  1. THE RADICALIZATION OF HITLER’S FOREIGN AND RACIAL POLICY March 1936: Remilitarization of the Rhineland (followed by intervention in Spain and the Rome-Berlin Axis) 1937/38: Purge of conservatives from office who urged lower spending on arms or opposed war March 1938: Anschluss with Austria September 1938: Sudeten Crisis and Munich Conference November 9, 1938: Orchestrated anti-Jewish riots in the Reichskristallnacht, the Night of Broken Glass March 1939: Occupation of Prague September 1, 1939: Invasion of Poland

  2. German troops cross the Rhine Bridge in Duesseldorf, March 7, 1936(France & Britain did nothing)

  3. German transport planes arrive in Morocco to airlift Francisco Franco and the Army of Africa to intervene in the Spanish Civil War, July 1936 Luftwaffe pilots of the Condor Legion, who destroyed the Basque city of Guernica on April 26, 1937

  4. NATIONAL INCOME IN 1937 (in billions of U.S. dollars)AND THE PERCENTAGE SPENT ON DEFENSE In absolute terms, Germany spent 1.3 times as much as France, Britain, and the USA combined….

  5. THE HOSSBACH PROTOCOLL:Minutes of a secret conference on November 10, 1937 • Hitler told his top national security advisors that he was resolved “to solve the question of Lebensraum” by 1943/45 at latest. He hoped that a solution might come sooner, if France fell into civil war or a war with Italy in the Mediterranean. Arms spending and the quest for autarchy must therefore be accelerated. • Foreign Minister Neurath, War Minister Blomberg, and Army Commander-in-Chief General Fritsch all protested that Germany must not risk war with France and Great Britain. Economics Minister Hjalmar Schacht, not present, had long argued that arms spending must be decreased to avoid inflation. • Within four months the protesters were all removed from office.

  6. Hitler greeted by cheering throngs as he enters Vienna, March 14, 1938 “Say YES! to Greater Germany on April 10”

  7. “One People, One Reich, One Leader!” (Anschluss referendum campaign, April 1938)

  8. Hitler & Mussolini celebrate their “Axis” in Rome, May 1938(see Speer, 109-10) Charlie Chaplin as Adenoid Hinkel and Jack Oakie as Benzino Napoloni: The Great Dictator (1940)

  9. A cordial Hitler receives Neville Chamberlain in Berchtesgaden, 15 September 1938, where they agreed in principle on a League of Nations plebiscite for Sudeten Germans

  10. Hitler pushed his luck at Bad Godesbergon September 22, and a war crisis loomed.(See Speer, 110-11)

  11. Mussolini offered to “mediate” between Hitler and Chamberlain and Edouard Daladier in Munich, 29 September 1938

  12. The Implementation of the Munich Pact

  13. ORIGINAL LEADERS OF THE CONSERVATIVE RESISTANCE Colonel-General Ludwig Beck, Army Chief of Staff, who resigned in protest in August 1938 Carl Goerdeler (DNVP),Mayor of Leipzig, 1930-36;Reich Price Commissar, 1931-32, 1934-36

  14. “The Eternal Jew”(museum exhibition, Munich, 1937).After Hitler ordered the expulsion of 12,000 Polish-born Jews, the 17-year-old Herschel Grynszpan protested by shooting a German diplomat in Paris on November 7, 1938.

  15. The Synagogue in Siegen after Reichskristallnacht, November 10, 1938

  16. The New Synagogue of Berlin, November 10, 1938(see Speer, 111-13)

  17. Gestapo chief Reinhard Heydrich was placed in charge of pressuring Jews to emigrate, and the SS began to speak of a “total” or “final solution” of the “Jewish Problem.”

  18. Jews arrested during Reichskristallnacht aremustered in Buchenwald, November 1938

  19. GERMAN TROOPS OCCUPY PRAGUE,MARCH 15, 1939 The German press did not seek to conceal the rage and despair of the Czech spectators

  20. The Chamberlain cabinet issued an unconditional guarantee of Polish independence on March 31, but no alliance was forged. Did Hitler assume that the British would back down again in a crisis? (See Speer, 152-57, 161-65) General Edmund Ironside confers inconclusively with Field Marshal Edward Rydz-Smigly in Warsaw, July 18, 1939

  21. Joachim von Ribbentrop (standing at left) and V.M. Molotov sign the “Hitler-Stalin Pact,” August 23, 1939

  22. Hitler informs the Reichstag on September 1, 1939,that Poland had attacked Germany the night before:“Since 4:45 a.m. fire has been returned!”

  23. A German armored division advances near Graudenz, Poland, September 1939: Whole corps of armored & mechanized divisions spear-headed the assault.

  24. Poland’s brave cavalry troopers had no chance

  25. The first Blitzkrieg: The German conquest of Poland

  26. German expansion as of October 1939

  27. “The German Counter-Attack against the English Flanking Attack in the North, April 1940” Hitler sacrificed his surface fleet to gain air bases in Norway (destroyed German ships in Narvik Fjord)

  28. “Case Yellow,” May 10, 1940: Germany lured the British Army into Belgium, then attacked through the Argonne Forest

  29. Calais after a devastating German air raid in May 1940.

  30. British POWs captured at Dunkirk after 380,000 French and British troops were evacuated

  31. Hitler arrives at Compiégne on June 21, 1940, to accept French surrender in the same railway car in which the armistice of November 11, 1918, had been signed.

  32. Occupied France, following the armistice (“Vichy France” in white)

  33. Springtime for Hitler (June 23/24, 1940):The “Greatest General of All Time” visits Paris

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