The European Conquest of the Americas

1. The European Conquest of the Americas

3. Christófo Colón [1451-1506]

4. Columbus’ Four Voyages

5. Columbus’ VoyagesSpanish Conquests Generally Religious Political Reasons Economic Personal

6. Positive and Negative Effectsof Columbus’ Voyages • Columbian Exchange • Eastern and Western Hemisphere • Increased colonization • Changes in gov’t, science, religion • Enslavement of people • Disregard for culture • Destruction of Native American civilizations • Diseases like small pox, typhus, measles

8. The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortes Montezuma II

9. 1519 – Cortes intrigued by stories of GOLD Malintzin (aka Dona Marina) – advisor to Cortes Montezuma and the ancient prophecy ‘light skinned god” Cortes used other tribes to help fight The Death of Montezuma The Siege of Tenochtitlan The Story

10. The Death of Montezuma II

11. Mexico Surrenders to Cortés

12. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

13. Spanish priest told Atahualpa he must convert to Christianity but refused and imprisoned Promised to reward Pizarro with gold and silver if released, which he agreed to but then killed Atahualpa anyway Pizarro easily defeated Incas (modern day Peru) The Story

14. Spanish Conquest & Colonization Conquistadores Presidios Missions Encomienda System

15. Presidios • Fortified bases created by the Spanish to protect against pirates and other invaders

16. Catholic church played central role in Spanish exploration and settlements Missionaries labored to convert American Indians to Christianity Missions

17. System in Spanish America Indian slaves were forced to work on huge plantation estates Treatment was extremely harsh The Encomienda System

18. What are England and France doing at the time? • Northwest Passage – Western route above the North American continent in the Artic Sea area to get to Asia • Only setting up temporary colonies at this time for trade • Only setting up temporary colonies at this time because own country is in political turmoil

19. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

20. Slave Ship

21. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

22. African CaptivesThrown Overboard

23. European Empires in the Americas

24. During Reformation, Spain remains Catholic while England switches to Protestant back to Catholic, back to Protestant Vying for Religious and Political Dominance A Growing Divide

25. King Henry VIII – 1509-1547

26. Henry’s wives Plus 4 more....

27. Henry’s Surviving Children

28. Encourages & Sponsors numerous Explorations Openly Protestant – growing conflict/competition with Spain Holds out war with France/Spain for 25 years by holding out for marriage – Virgin Queen 1570 – Cold war with Spain after Pope issues decree absolving English Catholics from obedience to Elizabeth The Elizabethian Era

29. Sir Francis Drake – Queen’s Sea Dogs Circumnavigated globe Explored as far as CA Pillaged Spanish treasure ship, Cacafuego – Emeralds of Queen’s crown Burned Spanish towns, looted Catholic churches Queen Elizabeth knighted him in 1581 – open act of defiance against Spain 1588, Spain (financed by Pope) assembled 130 ships, 30,000 men War with Spain

30. Spanish Armada --- poor leadership, too big, less maneuverable English ships – smaller, faster Massive storms wrecked Armada Victory by England broke Spain’s sea power English dominance over the seas = more freedom, more colonization England Takes Over

31. Military: set up military bases, establish political dominance Economic: need for trading posts if found the Northwest Passage, new trading markets with N.A. Population: Overcrowding, Chance at Profit, Religious freedom England’s Reasons

32. 1584 – Sir Walter Raleigh – New Foundland to Florida - Virginia 1585-87 – Raleigh’s 2 attempts 2nd attempt: John White established colony, returns to England to get more supplies Return delayed – War with Spain 1590, White returns to Roanoke – Vanished w/o trace - Croatoan Roanoke – The Lost Colony

33. 25 years passed before England attempted colonization again The Charter of 1606, issued by King James I – Jamestown settlement Joint stock company 100 men recruited by London company Many difficulties – Survival is uncertain England tries Again

34. Disease Starvation Exposure to elements Conflict with Native Americans Lazy, Rich men Internal Strife http://www.history.com/topics/pocahontas/videos#pocahontas Early Difficulties

35. Separatists vs. Puritans

36. Wanted to reform [purify] the Church of England Grew impatient with the slow progress of Protestant Reformation in England Puritanism

37. Puritans who believe that only visible saints should be admitted for church membership Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, separatists felt they had to share their church with the “damned” Therefore, they believed in a “total break” from the Church of England Separatists

38. Sources of Separatist Migration Netherlands

39. Ultimately left the Netherlands because they didn’t think it was “pure” enough for them Did not want to mix with the other religions 1620, a group of 100 people negotiated with the Virginia Company to settle in their jurisdiction Pilgrims

40. Arrived far off course from destination – Plymouth Bay outside the domain of the VA co. Squatters without legal right to land and authority to start government The Mayflower

41. The May Flower CompactNovember 11, 1620

42. Written and signed before the passengers disembarked from ship Not a constitution, but an agreement to form to a crude government and submit to majority rule Signed by 41 adult males Led to meeting in assemblies to make laws John Carver elected governor The May Flower CompactNovember 11, 1620

43. Winter of 1620-1621 extremely harsh (only 44 of the original 100 survived) * weather * starvation * disease None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back That First year… Why?

44. Survival owed to Squanto and the Wampanaog Indians Native Americans were weak in the New England area, epidemics had wiped out over ¾ pop Chief Massasoit signed treaty with settlers in 1621 Colony survived with fur (especially beaver), fish and lumber Fall 1621 --- celebrated First Thanksgiving The First Thanksgiving